1. Plantations
    1. Large scale holders
      1. Corporate
    2. Small scale holders
      1. Family
      2. Co-ops
        1. Faitrade
  2. Where
    1. Origin
      1. Southwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
        1. Etymology
          1. Kaffa
        2. Species
          1. Coffea arabica (70% of world harvest)
          2. No coffee seed sprouted outside Africa or Arabia until 1600s
          3. Smuggled out of Mecca by Baba Budan (1615)
          4. The Dutch import a coffee plant into Europe in 1616
          5. Founded the first European-owned coffee estate in Java (1696)
          6. Amsterdam began bestowing coffee trees on aristocrats around Europe.
          7. Louis XIV receives his coffee tree for the Royal Botanical Garden, the Jardin des Plantes (circa 1714)
          8. A young naval officer, Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu, steals a seedling and smuggles it to the French colony of Martinique
          9. Descendants of this tree eventually supply the rest of Latin America
          10. French Guiana
          11. Brazil (1727)
          12. By 1800 Brazil becomes the world's greatest coffee empire
          13. Coffee trade traveled with Islam
          14. North Africa
          15. Eastern Mediterranean
          16. The Turks introduce Europe to coffee via a merchant of Venice (1615)
          17. India
      2. Western and Centra subsaharan Africa
        1. Species
          1. Coffea canephora [robusta] (30% of world harvest)
          2. first collected in 1890 from the Lomani (tributary of the Congo River)
          3. Zaire
          4. Brussels
          5. Java (1900)
          6. Cultivated at lower altitudes and less susceptible to disease
    2. Grown in over 70 countries around the world
      1. The Bean Belt Circling the Earth, bounded by the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn Regions with moderate sunshine and rain, steady temperatures around 20°C with rich and porous soil
        1. Latin America
          1. Brazil (#1, 2007) 1/3 of world production
          2. Colombia (#3)
          3. Mexico (#7)
          4. Guatemala (#8)
          5. Peru (#9)
          6. Honduras (#10)
        2. Africa
          1. Ethiopia (#5)
        3. Southeast Asia
          1. Vietnam (#2)
          2. Indonesia (#4)
          3. India (#6)
    3. Consumed
      1. Home
        1. Kitchen
          1. Often first thing in the morning in N America
        2. Dining Room
          1. Served after dinner
      2. Work
        1. Break Rooms
        2. More and more commonly at work stations/desk
      3. Cafes
        1. Paris - Fist Cafe in 1672
          1. Created a social scene
      4. Coffee Houses
        1. Popular in Pacific North West/ Cascadian Region
          1. Paying more attention to Organic and Fair Trade
          2. Vancouver
          3. JJ Bean
          4. Moving toward SIngle Origin Roasts
          5. Dealing directly with specific Co-ops
          6. Caffe Artigiano
          7. Focusing on fine Italian-style coffee
          8. Many small independent shops
          9. Victoria
          10. has many unique independents
          11. Portland
          12. has many unique independents
          13. Seattle
          14. Often gets credited as the source of current coffee house culture
      5. Chains
        1. Starbucks
          1. Offering 3 Region Blends
        2. Tim Hortons
          1. popular across Canada
        3. Blenz
        4. Second Cup
        5. Van Houtte
          1. Popular in Quebec
        6. Coffee Time
          1. Popular low end chain in Toronto
      6. Restaurants
        1. Available on most menus
      7. Hotel Rooms
        1. Many rooms now include a drip coffee maker, or at least instant coffee
        2. Offer a continental breakfast in the lobby or restaurant
      8. Commute
        1. on transit
        2. in personal vehicles
          1. Gas Stations
          2. Drive-through
        3. on foot (travel mug, to go cups)
    4. Roasted
      1. Large Corporate Centralized Factory Roasters/Packagers
      2. Small Independent local Roasters
      3. Home Roasting has been gaining popularity
    5. Competitions
      1. Regional
        1. Western Regional Barista Championship August 27-28, 2011 Victoria, BC
      2. National
        1. Canadian National Barista Championship October 2-3, 2011 Vancouver, BC
      3. World
        1. World Barista Championship June 2-5, 2011 Bogatá, Colombia
  3. INFLUENCED BY
    1. Grind Grade
      1. Fine vs coarse = differing flavours/strengths
    2. Roasting Style/Temperature
    3. COMMODIFICATION
      1. STARBUCKS
      2. TIM HORTONS
    4. Species of Plant
    5. Economy
      1. production levels
      2. agricultural practice
      3. harvesting/processing practice
    6. Agricultural production
      1. Weather/Natural Disaster
    7. Cafe Culture
    8. Glamourized Cultures (ie European influence on North Americans)
    9. Cultural Flavour Preference
      1. i.e. some cultures have added all sorts of sugars/flavours etc. to coffee production
    10. 24/7 Culture
    11. Industrialization
    12. Urbanization
  4. When
    1. Legend has it that coffee was discovered by an Ethiopian goat herder named Kaldi. He noticed his goats acting in an unusual way after eating the berries a nearby shrub. He decided to try the berries himself and was pleased by the energized effects the cherries had on him; so he told all his friends and the rest is history
    2. Coffee Timeline:
      1. Prior to 1000 AD: Galla tribe of Ethiopia notice they get energy boost when they eat a certain berry, ground up and mixed with animal fat.
      2. 1000 AD: Arib traders cultivate the plant for the first time on plantations. They begin to boil the beans, creating a drink called “qahwa” which means prevents sleep.
      3. 1453: World’s first coffee shop in kiva Han in 1475. Turkish law makes it legal for Turkish women to divorce husband if he doesn’t provide her with her daily coffee fix.
      4. 1645: First coffee house opens in Italy.
      5. 1668: Coffee replaces beer as New York City’s favorite breakfast drink.
      6. 1727: The Brazilian industry got its start when lieutenant Francisco de melo palheta is sent by government to arbitrate a border dispute between the French and Dutch colonies in Guiana. He settles the dispute and also strikes up a relationship with the French guina governor’s wife, who hides cuttings and fertile seeds of coffee in a goodbye bouquet.
      7. 1773: Boston tea party makes drinking coffee a patriotic duty in America
      8. 1886: Former wholesale grocer Joel cheek names his popular coffee blend, ‘Maxwell house’ after a hotel in Nashville.
      9. 1938: Having been asked by Brazil to help find a solution to their coffee surpluses, nestle company invents freeze dried coffee. Nestle invents Nescafe and introduces it to Switzerland.
      10. 1946: Achilles gaggia perfects his espresso machine in Italy. Cappuccino is named for its similarities in color to the robes of the monks of the capuchin order.
      11. 1971: Starbucks opens its first store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market creating a buzz over fresh-roasted whole bean coffee.
  5. Cultural Influence
    1. Fair Trade
      1. Improving relationships between farmers and traders
      2. a bonus for people who are becoming more globally aware
    2. Social Tool
      1. Something to talk over
      2. Dates
      3. Meetings
      4. "daytime social lubricant"
      5. Indicates a casual meeting
    3. art form
      1. Latte art
      2. Competitions
    4. mainly consumed at breakfast time, but also after meals or as performance enhancers
    5. coffee tastings
    6. the "coffee break" was first promoted in 1952
    7. Influence on media
      1. It frequently shows up in comics, television and movies in many different ways. Characters in a variety of popular TV shows such NCIS and CSI are often depicted with espressos in their hand or distributing take out cups to other characters.
      2. Notably the widely popular sitcom, Friends, had a strong influence on coffee culture. The Friends characters would hang around in central park drinking coffee instead of alcohol.
      3. Cops in movies and television are often portrayed drinking a strong, black coffee with a donut.
    8. Social Aspects
      1. Topic
      2. Coffee shops brought a fundamental change to North American life. Coffee became an obsession and coffee bars are a significant focus of urban life and are thought of as a home away from home for millions of loyal customers
      3. Gathering point and a way of socializing with and making new friends.
      4. Coffee culture includes the presence of wireless Internet. Many customers conduct their business or school projects in these locations for hours on end.
      5. It is viewed as a social lubricant.
    9. Coffee was initially used for spiritual reasons. At least 1,100 years ago, traders brought coffee across the Red Sea into Arabia (modern-day Yemen), where Muslim dervishes began cultivating the shrub in their gardens. At first, the Arabians made wine from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries.
    10. Some religions consider it a drug that is unhealthy for the spirit/soul Eg: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Seventh Day Adventist Church Rastafarianism
    11. Has been prohibited in countries such as Germany, Turkey, and Ethiopia
    12. The people of Colombia drink black coffee with sugar in small cups known as tinto.
    13. Strong espressos are the norm in Italy.
    14. North America drinks coffee on the go, individualized to the temperature of the milk or cream.
    15. Coffee in Turkey is usually served with a small glass of water and/or a piece of Turkish Delight. Turkish coffee is never served with milk or cream.
    16. Brazil's espresso, cafesinho, is served with a slice of lemon.
  6. Inspired
    1. Health
      1. Coffee Enema
    2. Art and Design
      1. Illustration
        1. sample
      2. Film
        1. as a plot device
          1. Friends
        2. Scene from Twin Peeks
      3. Programing language logo
        1. sample
      4. Web design
      5. Decor
        1. Coffee Inspired Espresso Lamp by Fly-Pitcher
          1. sample
        2. Wallpaper
          1. sample
        3. TAXI advertising agencie's lobby cafe
        4. Home Decor Ideas
        5. Colour Palette
          1. sample
    3. Food and Drink
      1. Desserts
        1. Tiramisu
      2. Coffee Stout Beer
        1. Phillip's Coffee Stout
      3. Iron Chef America: Battle Coffee
      4. Mixed drinks
      5. David Lynch Signature Cup Organic House Blend
        1. David Lynch Commercial
    4. Crafts
      1. Coffee Cozies
        1. sample
    5. Music
      1. Mixed Tapes
    6. Makeup
      1. Coffee Makeup: Double Espresso
  7. WHAT
    1. HOW
      1. Brewed hot, and served either hot or cold
        1. WAYS TO BREW
          1. French Press
          2. Espresso - Machine
          3. Instant coffee (Add boiling water to coffee crystals
          4. Turkish Coffee (using Ibrik - boiled 3x)
          5. Espresso - Stove top Percolator
          6. Drip Coffee
          7. Percolator (rarely used now)
          8. see example http://dailyshotofcoffee.com/10-ways-to-make-coffee/
          9. Vacuum
          10. Cold Water Method
          11. Neapolitan Flip
          12. Single serving coffee machines (nespresso)
      2. Often with additions including Milk, Soy, Dairy Alternatives, Sugar, Flavoured Syrups, etc.
      3. Presentation
        1. Coffeehouse culture has developed barista work as an artform "Latte Art"
          1. Designs can be made with steamed/foamed milk
    2. USE
      1. In North America and Europe Coffee is consumed at a rate of about 1/3 the amount of tap water
      2. Estimated Worldwide production = 7 Million Metric Tons Annually
      3. Traded on Mercantile Exchange like a Commodity (though it is technically fresh produce)
      4. List of Countries - annual per capita consumption
        1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_consumption_per_capita
        2. 1. Finland 2. Norway 3. Iceland 4. Denmark 5. Netherlands 6. Sweden 7. Switzerland 8. Belgium 9. Ludembourg 10. Aruba 11. Canada (USA = #27!)
          1. Interesting to note - the majority of these top 11 countries are located fairly far north - resulting in very short days through the winter / more dark hours
    3. A Brewed Drink made with coffee beans and water
      1. Types of Coffee drinks
        1. Brewed Coffee (Beans Used are bigger/more granular)
          1. black
          2. cafe au lait
          3. Irish coffee (Whiskey + Cream)
          4. Kopi Susu
          5. Yuangyang
        2. Espresso (Beans Ground Very Fine)
          1. Latte
          2. Cappuccino
          3. Americano
          4. Macchiato
          5. Cafe Breva
          6. Affogato
          7. Cafe Bombon
          8. Cafe Melange
          9. Cafe Mocha
          10. Cortado
          11. Flat White
          12. Espresso Romano
          13. Vienna Coffee
        3. Iced Coffee (Uses Instant, Brewed and Espresso Coffee)
          1. Ca phe sua da
          2. Frappe
          3. Iced Coffee black/with milk
          4. Eiskaffee (made with ice cream)
          5. Mochasippi
        4. Turkish Coffee (Beans ground to powder)
    4. Country of origin: ETHIOPIA
      1. Arabia is the first to roast an brew coffee similar to modern prep.
      2. Spread to Egypt & Yemen
      3. then came into use in rest of mid-east, Persia, Turkey, Northern Africa - and ultimately Italy and the rest of Europe
    5. History of Coffee
      1. Use of coffee as a drink dates back to at least the 16th century
    6. Types of Coffee drinks
      1. Brewed Coffee (Beans Used are bigger/more granular)
        1. black
        2. cafe au lait
        3. Irish coffee (Whiskey + Cream)
        4. Kopi Susu
        5. Yuangyang
      2. Espresso (Beans Ground Very Fine)
        1. Latte
        2. Cappuccino
        3. Americano
        4. Macchiato
        5. Cafe Breva
        6. Affogato
        7. Cafe Bombon
        8. Cafe Melange
        9. Cafe Mocha
        10. Cortado
        11. Flat White
        12. Espresso Romano
        13. Vienna Coffee
      3. Iced Coffee (Uses Instant, Brewed and Espresso Coffee)
        1. Ca phe sua da
        2. Frappe
        3. Iced Coffee black/with milk
        4. Eiskaffee (made with ice cream)
        5. Mochasippi
      4. Turkish Coffee (Beans ground to powder)
    7. Coffee Plant
      1. Discovered, as birds eating the berries from the coffee plant were observed to have unusual vitality
      2. Classified within the Rubiaceae family
        1. Two main species for commercial coffee: C. Arabica & Coffea Canephora
      3. Evergreen Shrub
      4. Grows to 15 feet
      5. Large Glossy Leaves & White Flowers (fragrant)
      6. Berries follow flowers -- start out green, but ripen to yellow then red (takes 7-9 months to ripen)
        1. Berry is called "Peaberry"
      7. Each berry generally encases two seeds
      8. Over 70 Countries now cultivate coffee
      9. Largest producers of coffee: Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, India, Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, Honduras
      10. Region of production can be distinguished in most cases by flavour
      11. Naturally grows in shaded areas beneath trees
        1. Many believe this style of cultivation yields superior beans
      12. Modern day cultivation practice plants rows in full sun to speed up ripening process and increase yield
        1. This requires significant amounts of pesticides and fertilizer to maintain plants in unnatural settings
    8. Coffee Bean
      1. Green Coffee Processed by one of two methods
        1. Dry process method
        2. Wet process method (fermentation process - yielding mild coffee)
      2. Flesh of ripest berries removed
        1. seeds left to ferment to remove the slimy layer of mucilage
          1. Washed with water
          2. Dried & sorted
      3. Decaffeination happens while the bean is still green
        1. Usually either by soaking the beans in hot water or steaming them
          1. Caffeine is lifted from process with a solvent and sold to pharmaceutical industry
    9. Roasting
      1. Temperature inside bean must reach 200 degrees Celsius
      2. Caramelization occurs - breaking down starches in bean
      3. Sucrose lost during roasting (may disappear entirely in darker roasts)
      4. aromatic oils & acids weaken
      5. at 205 degrees Caffeol (an oil) develops - largely responsible for flavour/aroma
      6. Types of Roasts: light, medium light, medium, medium dark, dark, very dark
        1. measured by light reflecting off beans - with spectrometer
      7. Characteristics: Dark = bold (less fiber, more sugar), Light = more complex/perceived as strong
    10. Caffeine
      1. Psychoactive Stimulant
        1. Increased Attention
        2. Increased Memory Performance
        3. Increased Physical Performance
        4. Increased Muscular Recovery
        5. Decreased Risk of Liver Disease
        6. Decreased Risk of Heart Disease
        7. Increased Intraocular Pressure
        8. Temporarily reduces fatigue
      2. Coffee Content
        1. Brewed 207ml: 80-135mg
        2. Drip: 207 ml: 115-175mg
        3. Espresso 1 Shot: 100mg
      3. Has Diuretic Properties (for those whom have not developed a tolerance for it)
      4. Addictive -- because it blocks the nervous system's receptors to Neurotransmitter Adenosine
        1. Regular Consumption causes adaptation to presence of drug - increasing # of adenosine receptors in central nervous system
        2. Withdrawal occurs when drug is not introduced to the body at 'regular' levels/intervals
        3. Tolerance adaptation occurs - stimulatory effects are reduced
        4. Tolerance develops very quickly - especially among coffee drinkers
          1. After 7 days of consumption of caffeine 3x each day.
      5. Overuse
        1. Caffeine Intoxication
        2. Caffeinism
        3. Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
        4. Anxiety
        5. Caffeine Overdose
  8. Who
    1. Who Drinks it
      1. Germany is the world's second largest consumer of coffee in terms of volume at 16 pounds per person.
      2. 81% of Canadians drink coffee occasionally
      3. over 63% of Canadians over the age of 18 drink coffee on a daily basis
      4. the number 1 beverage choice in canada, aside from water
      5. 61% of BC drink on a daily basis
      6. Canadian coffee drinkers' drink an average of 2.6 cups of coffee per day. Men and women are equally likely to be coffee consumers with men drinking slightly more coffee than women.
    2. Who Sells it
      1. Starbucks
      2. Blenz
      3. Tim Hortons
      4. Waves
      5. Bean around the world
      6. Supermarkets
    3. Who Produces it
      1. Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia are the top three (2006)
      2. Mainly developing countries