1. Can be conscious or unconscious, warranted or unwarranted
   1. Conscious and warranted is working assumptions that will solve problems
   2. Unconscious and unwarranted assumptions lead to faulty outcomes.
2. We feel incongruity when something does not meet our expectations and cause us to feel disequilibrium.
   1. We feel actual physical discomfort when our assumptions are challenged.
   2. Our equilibrium is restored when we can reorganize our mental categories to accommodate a new experience.
3. Misplaced assumptions lead us to wrong direction.
4. Vertical thinking is important in making assumptions because it take the most reasonable view of situation and proceed logically and carefully to work it out
5. Value assumptions are core beliefs we assume everyone shares. They influence our reasoning and may not been examined
6. Hidden Assumption affect on our reasoning
7. Good arguments supported through working assumptions, while poor arguments are full of unexamined assumptions