1. Definition of Statistics
   1. Set of mathematical procedures for research in the behavioral sciences
      1. Organize & summarize information
      2. Determine what conclusions are justified
   2. Parameter: Characteristic or value that describes a population
   3. Statistic: Value or characteristic from a sample
2. Populations & Samples
   1. Population: Everyone of interest in a particular study
   2. Sample: Set of individuals selected from a population
      1. Researcher wants to generalize back to the population
   3. Variable: characteristics or condition that can have different values (change)
      1. Must be able to measure
   4. Datum or score or raw score: individual measurement or observation
      1. Data set: collection of data
   5. Statistics is about relationship between sample statistics & population parameters
3. Data Structures, Research Methods, & Statistics
   1. Correlational Method
   2. Experimental method
   3. Non-experimental method
4. Variables & Measurement
   1. Constructs
      1. Internal attributes that cannot be directly observed
   2. Operational Definitions
      1. Describes set of operations for measuring a construct
      2. Defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements
   3. Discrete Variables
      1. Separate, indivisible categories (whole, countable numbers)
   4. Continuous Variables
      1. Can be divided into infinite number of fractional values
   5. Real Limits
      1. Upper real limit
         1. Top of the interval
      2. Lower real limit
         1. Bottom of the interval
      3. Boundaries of intervals for scores on a continuous number line
   6. Scales of Measurement
      1. Nominal Scale
         1. Classification into categories
            1. No direction or size to difference (cannot quantify)
            2. Majors in school, gender, race
      2. Ordinal Scale
         1. Categories in a fixed order with size or magnitude differences but cannot measure/quantify difference
            1. Small, medium, large; rank orders, likability, preference
      3. Interval Scale
         1. Categories where intervals are exactly the same size, can measure/quantify difference & direction
            1. but zero is arbitrary, like temperature
      4. Ratio Scale
         1. Categories where intervals are exactly the same size, can measure/quantify difference & direction
            1. zero has meaning, represents absence of variable
            2. Ex. number of errors, time to respond
5. Statistical Notation
   1. Summation notation
      1. Greek letter sigma
6. Descriptive & Inferential Statistical Methods
   1. Descriptive statistics: Statistical procedures used to simplify & summarize data
      1. Summarize data
      2. Organize data
      3. Simplify data
   2. Inferential Statistical methods: Used to study samples & make generalizations about populations
      1. Sampling error
      2. Margin of error
7. Experimental Method
   1. Purpose: Demonstrate cause & effect relationship between two variables
   2. Experimenter manipulates one variable to see its effect on another variable
      1. Must control for differences if want to use to generalize
         1. Characteristics of participants
         2. Characteristics of environment
         3. Control through: random selection of participants
         4. Control through: random assignment of participants to treatments
         5. Matching of participants
         6. Hold some variables constant
      2. Second (dependent) variable is measured or observed
      3. First variable (independent) is manipulated
   3. Control Condition: Control group which receives no treatment or placebo treatment
8. Correlational Research Method
   1. Both variables are measured to see if they have a relationship