1. Features of the International System
    1. Globalization
      1. Can Globalization be stopped or slowed?
        1. No: it is rooted in technological innovation, which in cumulative.
        2. Yes: International conflict, hostility, or economic crisis
      2. Are states losing their sovereignty with Globalization?
        1. Cobweb Model: Yes because everyone is caught in a web so any decision affects everyone
        2. Billiard Ball Model: No, because states still control power to tax, police, and make war.
      3. Does Globalization promote cooperation?
        1. Liberalism: Yes- gives an interest in each others' welfare
          1. Global interaction promotes mutual understanding
          2. Emphasizes mutual absolute gains
        2. Realism: No- States value independence & security
          1. Some grow unequally fast, which leads to fear & jealousy
          2. Emphasis on relative gains
        3. Radicalism: No- enriches developed states at expense of developing states
          1. Emphasizes relative gains between developed & undeveloped
    2. Anarchy
      1. Three problems with Anarchy
        1. Security Dilemmas
          1. Domestic governments provide security
          2. One state attempts to immporve its security through force of arms
          3. Other states become more insecure
        2. Free Riding
          1. States must provide the collective goods themselves and often provide too little
        3. Enforcement Problems
    3. International Organizations
      1. United Nations
        1. Security Council
          1. Investigates disputes, enforce/impose sanctions, can authorize a coalition of armed forces
          2. Resembles League of Nations purpose & powers
          3. 15 members 9 votes to do anything
          4. U.S, U.K. Russia, France, China have veto power
        2. General Assembly
          1. Main delibrative/policy making body of the UN
          2. 198 Members, one state, one vote
          3. 2/3 majority needed to make decision
      2. NATO
        1. Formed in response to Warsaw Pact
        2. An attack on one is an attack ont he whole
      3. World Bank and International Monetary Fund
        1. Loans $$$$ to governments to help them along
        2. World Bank
          1. Reduce Poverty
          2. Encourage development
          3. Stabilize developing countries
          4. help infrastructure
          5. Help agribusiness
          6. Build schools (funding)
          7. Fund medical facilities
        3. IMF
          1. Currency fallout
          2. Exchange Rates
          3. Crises of confidence in a state's currency
          4. Financial Market reforms
          5. increasing trade
        4. Criticisms
          1. IMF loans to dictatorships
          2. Uses blanket reforms that aren't country specific
          3. Policies controlled by a few rich states
      4. World Trade Organization
        1. Promotes negotiation or opening trade
        2. Wants fair playing field for international trade
        3. Trade agreements lower trade barriers
        4. Dispute Settlement Mechanism
          1. Authoritative panels to arbitrate disputes between states
          2. Penalize those that have broken trade agreements
        5. Reason for dislike of WTO
          1. Undermines national securtiy
          2. Weakening labor & environmental standards
          3. Favors free trade over social values
    4. The Distribution of Power
      1. Polarity
        1. Bipolarity
          1. two rival alliance blocs
        2. Multipolarity
          1. loose & flexible alliances
      2. Degree of concentration
        1. Diffuse/Balance
          1. power is roughly equal
        2. Concentrated/Imbalanced
          1. when states have more power than others
      3. How does the Distribution of Power affect international relations?
        1. Balance of Power Argument
          1. Peace is more likely when power is balanced
          2. If power is unbalanced
          3. Strong states attack or coerce
          4. Weak states are insecure
          5. States ally together against common treats
        2. Preponderance of Power Argument
          1. Peace is more likely when power is concentrated in one state
          2. Powerful state prefers the status quo
          3. Acts to preserve the order
        3. Power Transition Argument
          1. States are more likely to go to war when distribution of power is rapidly changing
          2. Rising states demand more from others
          3. Declining states fight to maintain the status quo
        4. Misperception of Power Argument
          1. War is a disagreement about how power is distributed
          2. Both sides expect to win if they do fight
          3. Wars occur because one state or side has overestimated its power and chance of winning
  2. Democracies
    1. New Democracies since 1974
      1. Southern Europe
        1. Portugal
        2. Spain
        3. Greece
      2. Middle East
        1. Iraq
        2. Tunisia
        3. Egypt
      3. Latin America
        1. Brazil
        2. Argentina
        3. Panama
        4. Chile
      4. Africa
        1. South Sudan?
        2. South Africa
        3. Kenya
      5. Eastern Europe
        1. Romania
        2. Poland
        3. Hungary
        4. Czech Republic
        5. USSR states
      6. East Asia
        1. Bangladesh
        2. Indonesia
        3. Philippines
        4. South Korea
        5. Taiwan
    2. Waves of Democritization
      1. 1700s - 1800s
      2. After WWII & decolonization
      3. 1974 - 1991
    3. Why do Democracies have peace with one another?
      1. Liberalism
        1. Common political values
        2. Democratic institutions make intentions clear to one another
      2. Realist
        1. Democracy is rare
        2. Democracies have balanced against common enemies
  3. Ingredients of Foreign Policy (U.S.)
    1. President
      1. Commander in Chief of Military
      2. Chief executive
      3. Veto power
      4. Negotiate treaties
      5. Appoints ambassadors
    2. Congress
      1. Declare war
      2. Creates & passes the budget
      3. War powers resolution
      4. Regulate international commerce
      5. Supports & regulates the military
      6. Regulates immigration
    3. Models of policymaking
      1. Organizational Model
        1. agencies react to foreign problems with standard operating procedures
      2. Bureaucratic Model
        1. foreign policy is the result of the competition, conflict and compromise of rival bureaucracies
      3. Rational Model
        1. Cost-benefit analysis for best outcome vs various types of costs
  4. Individual level of analysis
    1. Leaders' character aspects
      1. Need for power
      2. Nationalism
        1. ties to a nation, honor, dignity
      3. Perception of control
        1. belief in ability to control events
      4. Need for affiliation
        1. concerns for establishing & maintaining friendly relationhips
      5. Conceptual Complexity
        1. Ability to discuss with other people about topics
      6. Distrust of Others
        1. Doubt & uneasiness about others
  5. Threats
    1. General Categories
      1. U.S. vs major powers
      2. U.S. vs minor powers
      3. U.S. vs non-state actors
    2. Specific Types
      1. Radiological
      2. Biologial
      3. Chemical
      4. Nuclear
    3. Terrorism
      1. Elements of Terrorism
        1. Acts of violence
        2. Has a political motive or goal
        3. Perpetrated against innocent persons
        4. Staged or played in front of an audience whose reaction of fear and terror is the desired result
      2. Terrorism at different levels
        1. Individual
          1. Crazies, criminals, crusaders
        2. Group psychology
          1. isolating members int groupthink
        3. Procedures of operation
          1. training, financing, publicity