1. Figures of resemblance or relationship
   1. simile
      1. use “like” or “as” to compare two different things and show a common quality between them.
         1. Her smile is as bright as sun
   2. metaphor
      1. comparison between two unlike things or ideas.
         1. She has a heart of stone
   3. kenning
      1. two words are combined in order to form a poetic expression that refers to a person or a thing
         1. whale-road for sea,, bookworm, couch potato
   4. conceit
      1. a cross between a metaphor or a simile.
         1. Her eyes shined brighter than the moon.
   5. parallelism
      1. balancing two or more ideas or arguments that are equally important
         1. One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
   6. personification
      1. an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human.
         1. Can you see that star winking at you?
   7. metonym
      1. use of a linked term to stand in for an object or concept
         1. "Pen" for "the written word." "Sword" for "military aggression."
   8. synecdoche
      1. a part of something is used to refer to its whole
         1. The captain commands one hundred sails
   9. euphemism
      1. Euphemisms are polite, mild phrases which substitute unpleasant ways of saying something sad or uncomfortable.
         1. She’s a curvy woman.
2. Figures of emphasis or understatement
   1. hyperbole
      1. a boldly overstated or exaggerated claim or statement
         1. I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse
   2. litotes
      1. a phrase that utilizes negative wording or terms to express a positive assertion or statement.
         1. The weather is not unpleasant.
   3. rhetorical question
      1. asked just for effect, or to lay emphasis on some point being discussed, when no real answer is expected.
         1. “It’s too hot today, isn’t it?“
   4. antithesis
      1. two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.
         1. Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
   5. climax
      1. successive words, phrases, clauses, or sentences are arranged in ascending order of importance
         1. Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird! It's a plane! It's Superman!
   6. bathos
      1. the act of a writer or a poet falling into inconsequential and absurd metaphors, descriptions, or ideas in an effort to be increasingly emotional or passionate.
   7. paradox
      1. seems to contradict itself, but which, upon further examination, contains some kernel of truth or reason.
         1. War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength.
   8. oxymoron
      1. pairing two words together that are opposing and/or contradictory.
         1. Clearly confused Genuine fake Living history Exact estimate
   9. irony
      1. contradictory statements or situations reveal a reality that is different from what appears to be true.
         1. verbal irony
            1. Subtopic 1
         2. situational irony
            1. Subtopic 1
         3. dramatic irony
            1. Subtopic 1
3. Figures of sound
   1. alliteration
      1. words that begin with the same sound are placed close together.
         1. Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.
   2. repetition
      1. intentionally using a word or phrase for effect, two or more times in a speech or written work
         1. Time after time Heart to heart Boys will be boys Hand in hand
   3. anaphora
      1. repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses.
         1. Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me.”
   4. onomatopoeia
      1. a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing
         1. The buzzing bee flew away.
4. Verbal games and gymnastics
   1. pun
      1. a joke that makes a play on words.
         1. A chicken farmer's favorite car is a coupe.
            1. Reading while sunbathing makes you well red.
   2. anagram
      1. a play on words created by rearranging the letters of the original word to make a new word or phrase.
         1. State = Taste Cider = Cried Dusty = Study Night = Thing
5. Errors
   1. malapropism
   2. periphrasis
      1. use of more words than necessary to evoke a certain meaning.
         1. In my humble opinion, I think…
   3. spoonerism
      1. funny expressions created by a transposition of the first letters or sounds of two words.
         1. A blushing crow -A crushing blow; A lack of pies- A pack of lies
6. incorrect words used in place of correct words
   1. The doctor administered the anecdote.