1. Scanning & Analysis
    1. Intelligence
      1. General social/ geographical context of the crime problem
        1. Location/ built environment
        2. Demographic patterns/ trends
        3. Historical and current action
      2. Initiation and demand for action
        1. audits, emergent problems, referral and intake processes
        2. External initiatives to mobilise the preventive agency
      3. The crime problem to be addressed
        1. Definitional issues & action frameworks
          1. Eg whether a crime, safety or terror problem, an offender problem/case, an area problem
        2. Aspects of crime problem, pattern of risk and its context
          1. Types of offenders
          2. MO - see tactical methods and procedures
          3. Target property damaged - see tactical methods
          4. Target premises - see tactical methods
          5. Target persons/ organisations - see tactical methods
          6. Owners/ managers of property/ premises - see role analysis
          7. Immediate physical and social context of event/s
          8. Wider physical and social context of event/s
          9. Timing of events during day, week or year
          10. Whether crime problem recent or of long-standing
      4. Evidence of crime problem – sources of information and analysis
        1. Crime pattern analysis to identify existing patterns of risk
        2. Forecasting from known patterns of risk in similar circumstances
        3. Analysis of risk and protective factors for offending a) in potential offenders’ life circumstances and/or b) in geographical areas
        4. Interviews with actual/potential offenders
        5. Technical issues of reliability, validity, bias etc
      5. Know-how in data collection & analysis
        1. Difficulties and tradeoffs encountered in collection or analysis, and any innovative approaches adopted
      6. Significant harmful consequences of problem
        1. Immediate, including trauma, injury or financial cost
        2. Wider effects including fear, restriction of leisure, economic or domestic activity
      7. Immediate causes, remote causes and risk factors for offending
        1. Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity - causes
          1. Offender
          2. Predisposition
          3. Lack of resources to avoid crime
          4. Readiness to act
          5. Resources for committing crime
          6. Perception/ decision to act
          7. Presence/ telepresence
          8. Situation
          9. Target (human/ material/ informational
          10. Target enclosure
          11. Wider environment
          12. Absent/ incapable crime preventers
          13. crime promoters
        2. Risk and protective factors eg CRAVED
          1. Concealable
          2. Removable
          3. Accessible
          4. Valuable
          5. Enjoyable
          6. Disposable
      8. Aims and aim-setting – at planning stage
  2. Response
    1. Intervention
      1. Address causes of actions or events: weaken, block, remove Opportunity, reduce Motivation, influence Decisions and spoil performance
        1. CPTED principles
          1. Surveillance
          2. Territoriality
          3. Defensible space
          4. Target hardening
          5. Image and Maintenance
          6. Activity support
        2. Specific preventive methods
          1. 25 Techniques of Situational Crime Prevention based on increasing risk and effort to offender, reducing reward, and removing excuses and provocations
          2. Modifying crime precipitators
        3. Problem Analysis Triangle
          1. Victim/target
          2. Offender
          3. Location
        4. Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity - intervention principles
          1. Offender
          2. Early/ remedial modification of predisposition
          3. Supply of resources to avoid crime
          4. Reduce readiness to offend
          5. Restrict resources for committing crime
          6. Influence perception/ decision to act
          7. Restrict presence/ telepresence
          8. Situation
          9. Target hardening, removal, value reduction
          10. Create/harden target enclosure
          11. Modify motivational/ tactical aspects of wiider environment
          12. Install/ mobilise crime preventers
          13. Remove/ demobilise/ convert crime promoters
        5. The D principles
          1. Influencing individual offenders
          2. Deter-known and unknown
          3. Detect
          4. Detain
          5. Defeat
          6. Deflect/ direct
          7. Deceive
          8. Disable/ deny weapon/ tool
          9. Discourage
          10. Demotivate
          11. Disconcert/ distract
          12. Influencing criminal groups
          13. Disrupt communications/ plans
          14. Distrust
          15. Dismantle
      2. Prepare for mitigation of Harm to people, assets, system operation - to reduce effect of criminal action
        1. All times
          1. Reassurance/ community safety
        2. During attack
          1. Resist attack
          2. Limit immediate harm
        3. After attack
          1. Mitigate immediate harm
          2. Limit knock-on/ propagated harm
    2. Implementation - tasks
      1. Institutional/ organisational contexts
        1. Institutional settings: civil, judicial and parajudicial
        2. Organisational arrangements: is action stand-alone, embedded in a particular organisation or part of a programme
        3. Recent or current transitions in institutional or organisational context
        4. Infrastructure: training, guidance, data systems etc
      2. Mode of delivery of action
        1. Project
        2. Service
        3. Capacity-building only
      3. Targeting of action
        1. The problem, behaviour or condition tackled (see Aim under Intelligence)
        2. Ecological level of action - whether it acts on individual people, places, communities
        3. Targeting strategy
          1. Basis of selection including risk & protective factors, known causes, risk patterns (of people, hot-spots etc), or needs
          2. Principle of selection – Universal, Selective (e.g. at risk) or Indicated (e.g. convicted offenders, repeat victims)
        4. Coverage
        5. Targeting issues e.g. net-widening and efforts to avoid it
      4. Tailoring of action to context
      5. Lifecycle/s of action
        1. Initiation
        2. Execution
        3. Exit
      6. Basic execution process
        1. Inputs
        2. Processes
          1. Practical implementation issues & solutions
        3. Outputs
      7. Management, planning and organisational issues
        1. Setting of aims and objectives, including numerical targets: content, and how it was done
        2. Development, building and maintenance of human, material and informational capacity
        3. Scheduling, progress monitoring and quality assurance of operations
        4. Risk management
        5. Structures of internal management
        6. Structures of external management
        7. Change management and wider issues of adaptive capacity
    3. Involvement - people and organisations
      1. Partnership
        1. Structural issues
          1. Purpose of partnership in outcome terms
          2. Operational, strategic, infrastructural
          3. Composition and structure
          4. Geographical scope
          5. Pooling/ contribution of resources
          6. Governance issues: responsibility, authority and accountability
          7. Environment of the partnership
        2. Process issues
          1. Practical creation of partnership: including intelligence for planning the partnership
          2. Creation and maintenance of partnership climate
          3. Handling geographical and responsibility boundaries
          4. Which operational tasks the partnership undertakes
          5. Task-specific issues eg codes of practice on information exchange, service-level agreements on handling offenders etc
          6. Day-to-day partnership operations: including inter-partner communications, decision-making and tactical coordination; partnership management (including performance management) & leadership
          7. Working relationship between tactical & strategic levels
          8. Sustainability of partnership
          9. Dismantling or disengagement of partnership
      2. Mobilisation
        1. CLAIMED process
          1. Clarify roles, responsibilities, tasks
          2. Locate/ identify appropriate agents or organisations to undertake roles etc
          3. Outreach
          4. Alert them about problem and their role in causation/ solution
          5. Inform them about nature, patterns, causes and solutions
          6. Motivate them
          7. Incentives
          8. Self-interest
          9. Duty/ right thing to do
          10. Name & shame
          11. Law/ sanctions
          12. Role model
          13. Empower them
          14. Capacity-building including training, equipment, information, guidance, money
          15. Legal powers
          16. Alleviation of constraints
          17. Direct them through standards, objectives etc
        2. Sustainability of mobilisation
        3. How/ why mobilisation ended
        4. Multiple mobilisation
          1. Implementation chains/nets
          2. Systems of Involvement
          3. Gateway mobilisations - referral to police/ other agencies
        5. Conflicts, constraints and issues, and how resolved
      3. Climate setting
      4. Other:
        1. Intel for Involvement
        2. Accountability
        3. Building collaborative capacity
        4. Communication
        5. Consultation
        6. Demand
        7. Risks & blockages
  3. Assessment
    1. Impact
      1. Process evaluation
        1. Success and failure of implementing each task
        2. Whether the task, if successfully implemented to adequate quality, delivered the desired immediate result
        3. Whether the task engendered positive or negative side-effects in crime or other spheres and how these happened
        4. Enablers and constraints, conflicts, tradeoffs and synergies, collaboration and competition behind the successes and failures
        5. How the process problems encountered were resolved or avoided, how benefits were capitalised on and failures coped with
        6. Generic qualities of implementation eg adaptability and improvement, responsiveness and deliverability
        7. Existing benchmarks applied and/or new ones indicated
        8. Task-specific techniques for evaluating and quality-assuring particular processes
        9. Overall methods of process evaluation/quality assurance themselves (e.g. observation, interview, document analysis) and how rigorous they were
        10. The relationship between evaluators and practitioners, including independence and whether formative/summative evaluation
      2. Impact evaluation - What Works
        1. Aims of intervention
        2. Context of evaluation
          1. Evaluation is internal or external to the implementing organisation
          2. Evaluation is independent or not independent
          3. Type of evaluators – academic, commercial consultant, practitioner
          4. Formative or summative evaluation
          5. Routine evaluation or a one-off exercise
          6. Orientation – whether evaluation covered impact, process or both
          7. Climate of understanding and acceptance of impact evaluation with stakeholders
        3. Methodology of evaluation
          1. Approach – e.g. Realistic, Theories of Change, Experimental, qualitative
          2. Design, e.g. before-after x action-control (and perhaps how this relates to methodological quality scales e.g. Maryland scale)
          3. Basic parameters eg output measures, and intermediate and ultimate outcome measures (e.g. self-reported offending, police recorded crime figures) sample size and units (e.g. individuals, families, neighbourhoods), time periods
          4. Statistical testing – methods and their justification, power considerations etc
          5. Problems, issues and tradeoffs in the above, and any practical resolutions worth sharing
        4. Results of evaluation
          1. Main results
          2. Change in intermediate or ultimate outcome measures?
          3. Attributable to the intervention?
          4. Confined to subsets of sites/ individuals?
          5. Adaptive reactions by criminals to intervention?
          6. How did intervention work - by what mechanisms, dependent on what contextual factors? Were latter essential or merely boosters?
          7. Which ingredients were essential to any impact? Which boosted impact?
          8. Harmful side effects on security? Or on other values?
          9. Beneficial side effects? Were these from the Intervention itself or from Implementation/ Involvement actions?
          10. How big and How cost-effective was attributable change - gross, or net of offender adaptations/ other side effects?
          11. How can harmful side-effects be reduced and beneficial ones increased?
          12. How big and how cost-effective was the gross attributable change? The attributable change net of offender adaptations and other side-effects on crime?
          13. How big and how cost-effective was the gross attributable change? The attributable change net of offender adaptations and other side-effects on crime?
          14. How durable or sustainable was the impact?
          15. If no change in desired direction, to which task/s was failure attributable?
          16. How far did the intervention meet its aims and any targets?
          17. What were the limitations on performance and how might these be alleviated through improvements?
          18. Wider performance/ selection measures
          19. How responsive and scalable to crime/safety problems was the action?
          20. Prioritisation of community safety action in terms of severity of consequences of crime/safety problems (and perhaps in line with wider policy targets eg transport business)
          21. Accurate targeting on needs of victim and wider society – intervening universally or selectively as appropriate; and on causes of crime/safety problem – intervening at appropriate levels from local to international
          22. Coverage on the ground, in terms of what proportion of a given crime problem the policy aims to tackle
          23. Over what timescale did the Implementation/ Involvement occur, did the Intervention take effect, did the Impact reliably become apparent?
          24. How legitimate or acceptable were the preventive actions, within the wider population, within minority subgroups, or even among offenders?