1. Transformative Learning
   1. focus on adult learning
      1. Jack Mezirow
      2. Cranton
      3. Boyd
      4. knowledge is derived from experiences,values, culture with an emphasis on meaning structures
         1. psychological-- thoughts & feelings
         2. sociolinguistic-- culture, language, societal norms
         3. epistemic-- pursuit of knowledge from reliable sources
         4. Learning happens through reflection, self-critique, many approaches to facilitate learning
            1. psychoanalytic- understanding the self through psychological structures
            2. psychodevelopmental- evolution of meaning-making throughout one's life
            3. social-emancipatory- critique to the end of social change
            4. Approaches to instruction
            5. challenge assumptions through dialogue and writing
            6. practice critical analysis of learning process
            7. provide opportunities for connection and reflection
            8. Learning Tool for Reflection & Dialogue: TED Talk-- The Danger of a Single Story by Chimamanda Ngozi Adiche
2. Social Learning
   1. Child development, cognitive + behavioral
      1. Albert Bandura
      2. Vygotsky
      3. Lave
      4. knowledge creation is influenced by environment, role modeling, causal, scientific approach to knowledge
3. Critical Pedagogy
   1. Paulo Freire
   2. Giroux
   3. bell hooks
   4. Ira Shor
   5. knowledge creation results from analysis and questioning of the status quo
4. Mastery/Orders of Learning
   1. Bloom
   2. Leyton
   3. Carroll
   4. Mager
   5. knowledge development is an ongoing process requiring increasing skill levels of complexity (taxonomy)
5. Learning is a result of observation, repetition of behavior, experience positive outcomes
   1. attention
   2. retention
   3. motor reproduction
   4. motivation
   5. Approaches to instruction
      1. learn by doing
      2. observe an expert
      3. incorporate clear benefit of outcome, sense of purpose
      4. Example: Alabama High School Football Coach "Manly Mondays" video series
6. Learning is a process by which students gain awareness of relationships of power, privilege, and oppression
   1. interaction and engagement with community
   2. students consider how actions, policies, practices affect others
   3. practice of reading/consuming texts through sociopolitical lenses (critical race theory, feminist theory, queer theory, for example)
   4. Approaches to instruction
      1. teacher and student are partners in learning
      2. students develop their voice through articulating and connecting their experiences
      3. consider texts/situations/conditions from a variety of points of view
      4. Encourage students to challenge assumptions and biases
      5. Pop culture example: Doom Patrol's "Danny the Street" (begin at 1:25)
7. Learning happens as a result of allowing time and resources for all students to gain skills and create knowledge
   1. explicitly state content and evaluative measures
   2. learning at individual pace rather than predetermined timeframe
   3. process of formative assessment and feedback
   4. summative assessment
   5. Approaches to instruction
      1. preassessment/preteaching
      2. strategies connect to students' experiences and prior knowledge
      3. differentiated instruction based on context
      4. use of formative and summative assessment; emphasis on feedback
      5. incorporate challenge activities, increased rigor with advanced skill progression
      6. Pop culture example: Arya Stark's First Lesson