1. relevance of taxonomy
   1. order out of chaos in educational field
   2. descriptions of educational programs and experiences
   3. development of theories and research
   4. training and orienting teachers
2. Taxonomy table
   1. conceptual framework
   2. promotes schared understanding and meaningful communication
   3. a means to develop more complete understanding
   4. a means to improve assessment, instruction, and the link between them
3. 1. major differnces revised old version
   1. original taxonomy
      1. one dimension
      2. from simple to complex
      3. concrete to abstract
   2. Revision: two sources
      1. 19 alternative taxonomys
      2. curruculum standards
         1. standards are mandated objectives
         2. subject-verb-object, learner as subject
   3. nouns as verbs
      1. remember (Bloom: knowledge)
      2. understand ( Bloom: comprehension)
      3. apply
      4. analyse
      5. evaluate
      6. create (systhesis)
   4. From content to types of knowledge
      1. factual
      2. conceptual
      3. procedural
      4. metacognitive
   5. Cognitive process dimension
   6. types of knowledge
4. 2. taxonomy and assessment
   1. Why?
      1. develop and use prototypical tasks for the cells
      2. +increase efficiency of prepartion of tasks
      3. +increased validity of tasks
   2. How?
      1. introduction/context
      2. stem
      3. response ( short answer or extended response)
5. 3. Taxonomy and instruction
   1. ex1: remembering factual knowledge
   2. ex2: understand conceptual knowledge
   3. ex3: apply procedural knowledge
   4. analyse
   5. evaluate
   6. create
   7. + from general to specific types of student achievement
   8. organizing research in terms of cells of taxonomy table
   9. remember, understand, apply
   10. other instructional approaches
6. 4. the taxonomy table and curricular alignment
   1. opportunity to learn: assessment -instruction
   2. curriculum aliginment: assessment - instruction - objectives
   3. WHY ?
      1. differences in schooling effects
      2. educational accountability
      3. Correct estimate of instruction on student learning
   4. PROCEDURE?
      1. objectives in cells
      2. assessment units in cells
      3. instructional activities in cells
   5. BENEFITS?
      1. accurate estimate of alignment
      2. alignment in terms of student learning
      3. generic, different subject matters
   6. high, partial alignment or missed opportunities
7. 3 goals of article
   1. differnces this taxonomy Bloom's
   2. taxonomy for instructions and assessment
   3. taxonomy for curriculum aligment
8. Why taxonomy?
   1. educational objectives an framework of education
   2. few people are trained
   3. lack of agreement on educational definition
   4. education is decision oriented
9. History of taxonomy
   1. Bloom (1956) promote agreement and beter educational practices
   2. revision in 1994
   3. Revision 2 during 1994-2000 group effort