1. Mental, Emotional
   1. Autism
      1. Pervasive Developmental Disorders PDD
         1. Also known as Autism Spectrum Disorders ASD
      2. Neurologial disorders affecting child's interaction with his or her enviornment.
         1. Difficulty Communicating
         2. Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events
         3. Plays in odd ways
         4. Unsettled by changes in routine or surrounging.
         5. Repetitive body movements or behaviours - extreme OCD
      3. 1 in 110 is diagnosed with PDD/ASD
         1. Boys are 4x as likely as girls to be diagnosed with PDD
      4. What to do?
         1. Early Intervention is very important
         2. Child may be eligible for early intervention (age 3)
         3. Special focus on communication, social interaction daily living skills.
         4. Interaction with normal children in order to learn social skills and proper behavior
         5. Step by step instructions
         6. Parental involvement to continue program at home
         7. Consistency and continuity
      5. Pervasive Developmenttal Disorder Not Otherwise Specified - PDDNOS
      6. Asperger Syndrome
      7. Rett Syndrome
      8. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
      9. Special focus on communication, social interaction daily living skills.
   2. Developmental delay
   3. Specific learning
      1. Learning disabilities are VERY common!
         1. 1 in 5 individuals in the US has a learning disability
         2. If a child has UNEXPECTED problems learning to read, write, listen, speak, or do math, then the teachers and parents should investigate further.
      2. Teachers should learn as much as possible about the learning disability and provide personalized instruction. Breaking tasks into simpler steps, stressing organizational skills, and maybe even even giving more time to finish tests, are some examples
      3. Dyscalcula
      4. Developmental aphasia
      5. Dyslexia
      6. Dysgraphia
   4. Intellectual
      1. Intellectual disability is not a disease, nor is it a mental illness. There is no cure.
         1. Children with mental disabilities will learn more slowly, but they WILL learn. There may be some things they cannot learn.
      2. Down's syndrome
      3. Fragile X syndrome
      4. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
   5. Emotional Disturbance
      1. IDEA defines emotinal disturbance as a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a chld's educational performance.
         1. Teachers should look out for hyperactivity, aggression, withdrawal, immaturity, and learning difficulties.
         2. An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory or health factors
         3. Inaiblity to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships.
         4. Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances
         5. Pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression
         6. Tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears in face of personal or school problems
      2. Bipolar, manic-depressive
      3. Anxiety disorders
      4. Eating Disorders
      5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
   6. Traumatic brain injury
2. Auditory, Visual
   1. Hearing impairment
      1. Early intervention is crucial in order to aid speech development, which becomes more complicated as the child grows older. Teachers might have to receive some instruction in sign language, and maybe teach the class a bit in order to foster better communication with the hearing impaired child.
      2. sit chld up from to facilitate lip reading
      3. captioned films/videos
      4. speech therapy
      5. assistance of a note taker
      6. Central Hearing Loss
      7. Conductive
      8. Sensorineural
      9. Mixed
   2. Deafness
   3. Deaf-blindness
   4. Visual impairment, including blindness
      1. Be Diligent!
         1. Almost half a MILLION chlldren have difficulty seeing even with glasses
         2. Test vision starting at 6 months.
         3. Check for eyes that are out of sync
         4. Look for repreadted shutting of eyes, squinting, fluttering eyes
         5. Notice unusual clumsiness
         6. Step by step instructions
         7. Does the child avoid tasks that require good vision?
         8. How far is the child holding his or her books?
      2. The "whole" that is so readily captured by sight must now be constructed from the details the child can grasp through touching and feeling. The child has to learn to "see" with her or his hands
      3. Teachers need to learn about the child's SPECIFIC disability and ask for a copy of the child's IEP (individualized education program) if not on the IEP team. There are a lot of resources for the visually impaired, so the teacher should seek outside counsel and assistance.
      4. Optic nerve hypoplasia
      5. Retinitis pigmentosa
      6. Coloboma
      7. Cortical visual impairment
      8. Strabismus
      9. Congenital cataracts
      10. Retinopathy of prematurity
3. Other
   1. Multiple Disabilities
   2. Other health impairment
      1. Due to:
         1. Asthma
         2. ADD/ADHD
         3. Diabetes
         4. Epilepsy
         5. Heart conditions
         6. Hemopilia
         7. Lead poisoning
         8. Leukemia
         9. Nephritis
         10. Tourette syndrome
      2. Note that many of the causes listed below might cause the child to miss considerable school time. By law the State has to help provide for the continuing education of the child outside the classroom.
   3. Speech or language impairment
      1. More than 1.1 million out of the 6.1 million children receiving special education under IDEA fall under the category of speech or language impairment
      2. Most affected students will need speech-language pathology services
         1. Identifying children with speech impairments
         2. Diagnosis and appraisal of specific impairment
         3. Referral for appropriate medical and professional assitance.
         4. Counseling of parents, children, and teachers.
         5. Crucial in developing effective IEP
      3. Voice
      4. Language
      5. Articulation
      6. Fluency
   4. Orthopedic impairment
      1. Often requires Therapy
         1. Assistive Technology is Critical
         2. Speech/language
         3. Occupational
         4. Pysical
      2. Poliomyelitis
      3. Skeletal tuberculosis
      4. Cerebral Palsy
      5. Amputations
4. Mind Map by Gabriel Riedel created in Xmind
5. Requires that special education and related services be made to all children
6. Helps guide State decisions on Special Education
7. Lists and defines 14 Categories of disabilities
   1. So what are the 14 cateogries?