1. Major Views of Learning
2. Learning Theories
3. Learner's Characteristics
4. Teacher's Characteristics
5. Theorists
6. Behaviorist
   1. Classical Conditioning
      1. Pavlov
         1. Drill practices and route memorization
         2. Passive Learner
         3. Knowledge is inside the learner
   2. Operant Conditioning
      1. B. F. Skinner
         1. Knowledge is outside the learner
         2. Knowledge is a fixed body of facts
         3. Drills, practice and rote memorization
         4. Manage and supervise
         5. Presentation and lecture
         6. Give right or wrong answers
         7. Passive learner
7. Cognitivist
   1. Information Processing
      1. J. Anderson
         1. Knowledge is a fixed body of facts
         2. Knowledge is outside the learner
         3. Model and facilitate
         4. Manage and supervise
         5. Learner is active processor of knowledge
         6. Peer-mediation and assisted learning
         7. Learner is active processor of knowledge
   2. Inductive Reasoning
      1. Jerome Bruner
   3. Deductive Reasoning
      1. David Ausubel
         1. Meaningful learning
         2. Challenge, guide and facilitate depth of knowledge rather than breadth
         3. Facilitate, listen and create conditions for students to build their knowledge
         4. Manage and supervise
         5. Model and facilitate
8. Constructivist
   1. Individual Constructvist
      1. Jean Piaget
         1. Learner is active constructor of knowledge
         2. Knowledge is personally constructed
         3. Learner is active explainer
         4. Learner is active inquirer
         5. Peer-mediation and assisted learning
   2. Social Constructivism
      1. Vigotsky
         1. Knowledge is processed inside the learner
         2. Learner is active participant in knowledge construction
         3. Learner is active processor of knowledge
         4. Knowledge is co-constructed
         5. Learning takes place within the Zone of Proximal Development
         6. Facilitate, guide and co-participate
         7. Peer-mediation and assisted learning
         8. Collaborative activities with peers and teachers
         9. Facilitate, listen and create conditions for students to build their knowledge
   3. Situated Learning
   4. Sociocultural Theory
9. Social Cognitivist
   1. Distributed Cognition
   2. Cognitive Apprenticeship
      1. Model and facilitate
      2. Peer-mediation and assisted learning
      3. Knowledge is outside the learner
      4. Knowledge is co-constructed
      5. Knowledge is constructed through observation, self-regulation and personal agency
      6. Facilitate, listen and create conditions for students to build their knowledge
      7. Reciprocal teaching
         1. To help students understand and think deeply about what they read
   3. Social Cognitive Theory
      1. Albert Bandura
         1. Knowledge is outside the learner
         2. Knowledge is constructed through observation, self-regulation and personal agency
         3. Learner is active constructor of knowledge
         4. Learner is active participant in knowledge construction
         5. Build efficacy and agency
         6. Facilitate, guide and co-participate
         7. Teach self-regulation strategies
         8. Peer-mediation and assisted learning
         9. Learner is active explainer
         10. Learner is active processor of knowledge
         11. Facilitate, listen and create conditions for students to build their knowledge