1. Media Theory & ID
   1. Key Principles
      1. The value of media in the learning process is a function of their fidelity and the extent to which the experiences seem to be occurring simultaneously with real-life events.
      2. Concrete experiences facilitate the acquisition of abstract generalizations.
      3. Learning is increased as the number of audio and visual stimuli increase.
      4. Visual information is retained more than verbal information since it is processed in both the visual and the verbal working memories.
      5. Media selection and design should adapt to the characteristics of the learners, the content, and the learning environment.
      6. Media can influence the development of student cognitive skills and the internal representation of information.
   2. Philosophical Emphases
      1. Objects directly presented to our senses represent the objects that actually exist in nature.
      2. Reality can be based upon directly experiencing and manipulating concrete objects.
   3. Basic Research Support
      1. Skinner's research on contingencies of reinforcement
      2. Paivo's research on dual coding
   4. Early Contributors
      1. William Allen
      2. Edgar Dale
      3. Charles Hoban, Jr.
      4. Arthur Lumsdaine
   5. ID Applications
      1. Automatic Instruction
      2. Media Selection
         1. Face-to-Face
         2. Online Settings
      3. Multimedia Computer-Based Instruction
      4. Online Worlds
      5. Simulations and Games
   6. Supporting ID Research:
      1. Media and Learning Research
      2. Media Attributes Research
      3. Media Comparison Research
      4. Media Design and Development Research
      5. Media Use Research
   7. Related Concepts:
      1. Aptitude-Treatment Interactions
      2. Cone of Experience
      3. Flexible Learning
      4. Immersive Technologies
      5. Teaching Machines and Individualized Instruction
      6. Technology-Enhanced Learning Environment (TELE)
2. ID Domains & Elements Related to Media Theory
   1. Learners & Learning Processes
      1. Learner Characteristics
         1. Aptitude
         2. Demographics
         3. Background
      2. Distributed Learning Process
      3. Learning & Performance Contexts
      4. Instructional Environment
         1. location of instructor and students
         2. group size
         3. delivery conditions
         4. connectivity
         5. storage & facilities
      5. Instructional Resources Available
      6. Similarity Between Learning & Performance Contexts
      7. Support Available
         1. technical
         2. maintenance
   2. Content Structure & Sequence
      1. Visualization of Content
   3. Instructional and Noninstructional Strategies
      1. Facilitating Activity & Engagement
      2. Facilitating Communication Online
      3. Facilitating Interaction
         1. between learners
         2. between learners & instructors
      4. Individualizing Instruction
      5. Providing Concrete Experiences
      6. Reproducing Real-Life Activities & Events
   4. Media & Delivery Systems
      1. Media Capabilities & Attributes
         1. richness
         2. social presence
      2. Media Costs
      3. Media Functions
         1. presentation
         2. feedback
         3. practice
         4. manager of interactions
      4. Media Selection
         1. cues
         2. interaction
         3. symbol system
         4. relating to content
         5. learner characteristics
         6. instructional strategy
         7. environment
         8. management
      5. Role in Learning Process
         1. part of stimulus
         2. part of response
      6. Type of Delivery
         1. synchronous
         2. asynchronous
   5. Designers & Design Processes
      1. Design of Online Learning
      2. Multimedia Design
         1. increasing cues
         2. sound over visuals
      3. Product Development