1. Types of Vegetation
   1. Tropical Rainforest
      1. Large diversity
      2. > 1000 species per unit area
      3. 5 distinct layers
      4. Drip tips leaves
      5. Broad waxy surface
      6. Thin barks
      7. Butress Roots
      8. Shallow roots
      9. Thin/ Little Undergrowth
   2. Monsoon Forests
      1. Diversity lesser than TRF
      2. Species per unit area is < TRF
      3. 3 distinct layers
      4. Broad & waxy leaves
      5. Butress roots
      6. Deep tap roots
      7. More undergrowth compared with TRF
      8. Thick barks
   3. Mangrove Forests
      1. Horizontal layering
      2. Breathing roots
         1. Aerial
         2. Prop
         3. Kneed
         4. Pencil
      3. Special leaves
         1. drop off
         2. secrete salt onto the surface
      4. Long, tube-like fruits
      5. Waxy barks
   4. Coniferous Forests
      1. Conical shape
      2. Sloping branches
      3. thin, needle like leaves
      4. woody, conical fruit
      5. shallow roots
      6. thick barks
      7. homogeneous in species
      8. evergreen
2. Climatic Types
   1. Tropical Equatorial Climate
      1. > 1500mm rainfall
      2. = 27C temperature
   2. Tropical Monsoon Climate
      1. distinct wet & dry season
   3. Temperate Climate
      1. -20-40C, Low temperate
      2. 300-600mm rainfall annually
3. Importance & Uses
   1. improve quantity and quality of water
   2. resources
   3. habitat for flora & fauna
   4. replenishes oxygen
   5. Prevent coastal damage
   6. Preventing floods
   7. Recreation
      1. Ecotourism
   8. Education and Research
   9. Medicine
   10. Maintaining nutrients in soil
       1. Prevents soil erosion
4. Worldwide Deforestation
   1. Forest Management in Kalimantan
      1. Reforestation & Afforestation
      2. Conservation
      3. Controlled Logging
      4. Prevent Forest fires
   2. Causes
      1. High demand for wood resources
      2. Increasing population
      3. Industrial development
      4. Agricultural purposes
      5. Illegal logging
      6. Sale of timber to gain revenue & clear debts
      7. Transportation Network
   3. Problems caused by deforestation
      1. Global Warming
      2. Loss of biomass
      3. Loss of habitat
      4. Soil erosion
         1. Loss of nutrients
      5. Indigenous groups are forced out
      6. Water cycle disrupted
         1. Lesser rainfall
      7. Air pollution
      8. Acid rain
      9. Water pollution
         1. Soil erosion/ siltation
      10. Floods
      11. Loss of resource for recreation