1. definition
   1. accumulation of air in the pleural space = partially / complete lung collapse
2. types
   1. tension
      1. air enter but xleave it
      2. unknown causes
   2. secondary
      1. d/t traumatic - chest wall, respi structure, esophagus injury
   3. spontaneous
      1. air enter the pleural space when air-filled blebs on the lung surface rupture
      2. common in smokers
      3. underlying d/s
         1. cystic fibrosis
         2. COPD
         3. lung CA
         4. asthma
         5. lung infections
3. symptoms
   1. pleuratic pain
   2. ^ RR
   3. dyspnea
   4. asymmetry of chest wall
   5. trachea deviated to affected side
   6. hyperresonant
   7. v breath sound at affected side
   8. mediasternal structure shift to unaffected side
4. investigation
   1. chest x-ray
      1. to confirm diagnosis
   2. ABG
      1. O2 level
5. management
   1. small PT w/o underlying d/s may resolve on its own
   2. large PT
      1. aspiration
      2. placement of chest tube to evacuate the air
         1. complication
            1. pain
            2. infection
            3. haemorrhage
            4. pulmonary edema
            5. hypotension
            6. bronchial pleural fistula