1. Cost management
   1. Conventional
      1. Eg: Variances
      2. Focus on Cost Control
   2. Contemporary
      1. Process focused
      2. Value analysis
      3. Strategic focus
2. Cost Management Techniques
   1. ABM
   2. BPR
   3. Life-cycle Costing
   4. Target Costing
3. Quality
   1. 2 Approaches
      1. Quality Assurance
      2. Total Quality Management
   2. Costs of Quality
      1. Prevention
      2. Appraisal
      3. Internal Failure
      4. External Failure
4. Key Concepts: Value Added vs Non-Value added Process/Activity perspective Customer value Root causes of costs