1. Selenium
2. donating electrons
   1. to stop once chain reaction is formed
3. controlling antioxidant enzyme systems
   1. before chain reaction begins
4. one or more unpaired electron
   1. highly unstable and reactive
   2. steal electron from stable and vulnerable compounds
      1. cause chain reaction to form more
5. free radicals
6. impair cell functions
7. damage polyunsaturated fatty acids
8. alter DNA, RNA and proteins
9. possible consequences
10. diseases
    1. cancer
    2. diabetes
    3. cataracts
    4. cardiovascular disease
11. work closely with selenium
    1. selenium containing enzyme
       1. block free radical formation before it begins
    2. Vitamine E
       1. stop free radicals after chain reaction begin
12. includes
13. Beta-carotene
14. Vitamin E
15. Vitamin A
16. Food sources
17. subgroups
18. fat-soluble
19. Tocotrienols
    1. ring structure with long unsaturated side-chain
20. Tocopherols
    1. ring structure with long saturated side-chain
    2. ɑ-tocopherol
       1. the only active vitamin E compound in body
       2. determines RDA for vitamine E
21. family of eight molecules
22. Characteristics
23. Roles
24. Vitamin C
25. stabilize vitamin C
26. Deficiency
27. rare
28. other cell compounds
29. polyunsaturated fatty acids
30. other lipids + related compound
31. DNA
32. prevent oxidation of
33. antioxidant
    1. stop free radical chain reaction
       1. prevent production of more free radicals
    2. location
       1. phospholipids of membranes
       2. mitochondrial and nuclear membranes
34. unstable
    1. readily destroyed by heat and oxidation
    2. prevention
       1. away from heat, moisture and direct light
35. non-antioxidant
    1. reduced platelet aggregation
       1. inhibits protein kinase C
       2. protect against heart disease
36. whole grains
37. Vegetable oils
    1. wheat germ oil
    2. sunflower oil
38. Seeds and nuts
    1. sunflower seeds
    2. almonds
39. common symptoms
    1. neuromuscular dysfunction
    2. impaired vision and speech
40. severe symptoms
41. hemolytic anemia
    1. Red blood cells rupture as polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane become oxidized
42. high risk groups
43. premature infants
44. low stores
    1. born before sufficient vitamin E are transferred to them from mother
45. Toxicity
46. safe from food intake
47. excess vitamin supplementation
48. common symptoms
    1. muscle weakness
    2. fatigue
    3. nausea
    4. diarrhea
49. High level
50. interfere with blood-clotting action of vitamin K
51. enhance effects of anti-clotting medication
    1. risk of hemorrhage
52. can
53. Characteristics
54. excess secreted in urine
55. absorption inversely proportional to level of intake
56. Forms
    1. ascorbic acid
       1. reduced form
       2. main form of Vitamin C in body
    2. dehydroascorbic acid
       1. oxidized form
57. unstable
58. prevention
    1. consume as fresh as possible
59. readily destroyed by
    1. heat
    2. oxidation
    3. exposure to baking soda
60. Roles
61. non-antioxidant
    1. reducing agent
       1. enhance iron absorption
    2. co-factor in collagen formation
       1. work with Iron to convert proline to hydroxyproline
       2. collagen prevent bruising and ensure proper wound healing
62. regenerate vitamin E to activated antioxidant form
63. antioxidant
    1. stop free radical chain reaction
       1. donate electron
    2. acts in intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments
    3. reduce formation of nitrosamines in stomach
    4. keep B-vitamin co-enzyme intact
64. Vitamin
    1. fat soluble vitamins
    2. water soluble vitamins
65. Mineral