1. Iron : Blast Furnace
   1. 1) raw materials (Top)
      1. iron ore
         1. iron(III) oxide
      2. coke
         1. carbon source
         2. reduction agent
      3. limestone
         1. remove impurities
         2. slag
   2. 2) Hot air - bottom
   3. 3) coke: C(s) + air: O2(g) ---> CO2(g)
   4. 4) coke: C(s) + CO2(g) ---> 2CO (g)
   5. 5) Iron III oxide reduced
      1. looses oxygen
      2. Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ---> 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
   6. 6) molten iron run off : bottom
   7. 7) Limestone broken down in heat
      1. CaCO3(s) --> CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
   8. 8) CaO(s) + SiO2(s) impurity/sand ---> CaSiO3 (l) slag
      1. tapped off bottom
   9. removal of impurities
   10. reduction of iron ore 2FeO3(s) + 3C ---> 4Fe + 3CO2
2. Steel
   1. from iron
   2. iron
      1. high carbon content (coke)
      2. brittle
      3. corrodes easily
         1. rusting
         2. iron + water + oxygen
      4. protection
         1. galvanising
            1. cover iron in zinc
            2. sacrificial protection
         2. Alloying
            1. mix iron with other metals to make steel
            2. Carbon in molten iron (pig iron) + O2 ---> CO2
            3. steel
            4. 0.1-1.5% carbon
            5. more corrosion resistant
            6. less brittle
            7. uses dependent on carbon content
            8. low carbon <0.3%
            9. car bodies
            10. medium carbon (0.3-0.9%)
            11. rail tracks
            12. high carbon (0.9-1.5%)
            13. knives
            14. stainless steel
            15. add metals
            16. chromium
            17. nickle
            18. vanadium
            19. high pressure, hard wearing industrial tools
            20. cobalt
3. Zinc
   1. source
      1. ZnS
         1. zinc blend
      2. ZnCO3
         1. calamine
   2. stage 1
      1. zinc sulphide + oxygen ---> zinc oxide + sulphur dioxide
      2. 2ZnS(s) + 3O2 (g) ---> 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2 (g)
   3. 2 different stage 2's
      1. reduction in blast furnace
         1. ZnO(s) + CO(g) ---> Zn(l) + CO2 (g)
         2. liquid zinc purified by frational distillation
      2. oxide dissolved in sulphuric acid
         1. ZnO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ---> ZnSO4(aq) + H2O
         2. zinc sulphate electrolyised
            1. cathode
            2. made of pure zinc
            3. Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e- ---> Zn(s)
            4. annode
            5. carbon
         3. Subtopic 3
4. Chromium
   1. thermite process
   2. chromium (III) oxide
      1. heat in electric arc furnace
      2. + silicon & calcium oxide
      3. 2Cr2O3 + 3Si + 3CaO ---> 4Cr + 3CaSiO3
      4. calcium silicate
5. metal uses
   1. aluminium
      1. light
         1. aircraft
   2. iron
      1. strong, malleable
         1. car bodies, cutlery
   3. zinc
      1. low melting point
         1. galvanising iron
   4. chromium
      1. very strong, corrosion resistant
         1. stainless steel
   5. copper
      1. very good conductor electricity
         1. electric wiring