1. Enduring Characteristics
   1. Personality Traits- Enduring tendencies to feel, think, and act in certain ways
2. The Big 5 Personality Traits
   1. 1. Extraversion- The tendency to experience positive emotions and moods and to feel good about oneself and the rest of the world
   2. 2. Negative Affectivity- The tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, to feel distressed, and to be critical of oneself and others
   3. 3. Agreeableness- The tendency to get along well with other peoplle
   4. 4. Conscientiousness- The tendency to be careful, scrupulous, and persevering
   5. 5. Openness to Experience- The tendency to be original, have broad interests, be open to a wide range of stimuli, be daring, and take risks
3. Other Personality Traits That Affect Managerial Behavior
   1. Internal Locus of Control- The tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate within oneself
   2. External Locus of Control- The tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate in outside forces and to believe that one's own behavior has little impact on outcomes
   3. Self-Esteem- The degree to which individuals feel good about themselves and their capabilities
   4. Need for Achievement- The extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence
   5. Need for Affiliation- The extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having other people get along
   6. Need for Power- The extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others
4. Values: Terminal and Instrumental
   1. Terminal Value- A lifelong goal or objective that an individual seeks to achieve
   2. Instrumental Value- A mode of conduct that an individual seeks to follow
   3. Norms- Or unwritten, informal codes