1. Shahada
   1. Shahadah is a saying professing monotheism and accepting Muhammad as God's messenger.
   2. The shahadah is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: (ašhadu an) lā ilāha illá l-Lāhi wa (ashhadu 'anna) Muḥammadan rasūlu l-Lāhi "(I profess that) there is no god but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God."
   3. when dying one should recite this declaration of faith
2. Salat
   1. Salat is the Islamic prayer
   2. Salat consists of five daily prayers: Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, and Isha'a.
      1. Fajr is performed at dawn
      2. Dhuhr is a noon prayer
      3. Asr is performed in the afternoon
      4. Maghrib is the sunset prayer
      5. Isha'a is the evening prayer
   3. Each prayer consists of a certain amount of rakaʿāt. A prayer either consists of two, three, or four rakaʿāt
   4. All of these prayers are recited while facing the Ka'bah in Mecca
   5. Muslims must wash themselves before prayer
   6. The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including; bowing with hands on knees, standing, prostrating and sitting in a special position (not on the heels, nor on the buttocks, with the toes pointing towards Makkah), usually with one foot tucked under the body
3. Sawm
   1. Three types of fasting (Sawm) are recognized by the Qur'an
      1. Ritual fasting
      2. fasting as compensation for repentance (both from sura Al-Baqara)
      3. ascetic fasting (from Al-Ahzab)
   2. Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan
   3. Muslims must abstain from food, drink, and sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk during this month, and are to be especially mindful of other sins.
   4. Fasting is necessary for every Muslim over the age of 11
   5. The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness to God, to express their gratitude to and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and to remind them of the needy
   6. During Ramadan, Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence, anger, envy, greed, lust, profane language, gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better
   7. All obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided
   8. Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory, but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very dangerous and excessively problematic
      1. pre-pubescent children
      2. with a medical condition such as diabetes, elderly people, and pregnant or breastfeeding women
      3. Observing fasts is not permitted for menstruating women
      4. those who are ill or traveling
      5. Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward, although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance
4. Zakat
   1. Zakāt or alms-giving is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all who are able to do so
   2. It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to ease economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality
   3. Zakat consists of spending 2.5% of one's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy, including slaves, debtors and travelers
   4. A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity (sadaqah), rather than to achieve additional divine reward
   5. There are two main types of Zakat
      1. the kajj, which is a fixed amount based on the cost of food that is paid during the month of Ramadan by the head of a family for himself and his dependents
      2. the Zakat on wealth, which covers money made in business, savings, income, and so on
   6. There are four principles that should be followed when giving the Zakat
      1. The giver must declare to God his intention to give the Zakat.
      2. The Zakat must be paid on the day that it is due.
      3. Payment must be in kind. This means if one is wealthy then he needs to pay 2.5% of his income. If he does not have much money, he needs to pay in a different way such as good deeds and good behavior toward others.
      4. The Zakat must be distributed in the community from which it was taken
5. Hajj
   1. The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca, and derives from an ancient Arab practice
   2. Every able-bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime if he or she can afford it.
   3. When the pilgrim is around 10 km (6.2 mi) from Mecca, he must dress in Ihram clothing, which consists of two white sheets
   4. Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca
   5. After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is known as a hajj/hajja (one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca)
   6. The main rituals of the Hajj include
      1. walking seven times around the Kaaba
      2. touching the Black Stone
      3. traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah
      4. symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina
   7. The pilgrim, or the haji, is honoured in their community
   8. Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God, not a means to gain social standing
   9. The believer should be self-aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage
   10. This should lead to constant striving for self-improvement
   11. A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah, and while not mandatory is strongly recommended