APA referencing system

Rules
1. Reference list
  1. Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it.
  2. Double-space reference entries
  3. Reference list must be in alphabetical order of authors' surname
  4. Second and subsequent lines of every reference have to be indented
  5. For works of same author, list in chronological order
  6. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
  7. Inverted author name, last name + first name
2. In-text citations
  1. Include author’s name and the date of publication inside parenthesis
  2. Page numbers should only be included when doing direct quotation
Author(s)
1. 1 author
  1. Last name first, followed by author initials.
  2. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
2. 2 authors
  1. List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand instead of "and."
  2. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
3. 3 - 7 authors
  1. List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand.
  2. Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
4. More than 7 authors
5. No author
  1. Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
6. Organization as author
  1. American Psychological Association. (2003).
7. 2 or more works by the same author
  1. Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first).
  2. Berndt, T. J. (1981). Berndt, T. J. (1999).
8. 2 or more works by the same author in same year
  1. If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter.
  2. Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416. Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.
Acknowledgement
1. Purdue inline writing lab
2. Curtin University Library
Articles in Periodicals
1. Basic form
  1. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.
2. Article in Journal Paginated by Volume
  1. Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
3. Article in Journal Paginated by Issue
  1. Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.
4. Article in a Magazine
  1. Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
5. Article in a Newspaper
  1. Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
6. Letter to the Editor
  1. Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12.
7. Review
  1. Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.
Books
1. Basic form
  1. Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
2. Edited books
  1. Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals K.V. Kukil, (Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor.
3. Translation
  1. When you cite a republished work, like the one above, in your text, it should appear with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951).
  2. Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814).
4. Article or chapter in book
  1. Subtopic 1Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
Electronic resources
1. Article From an Online Periodical
  1. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
2. Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned
  1. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range. doi:0000000/000000000000
3. Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned
  1. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved from http://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/
4. Article From a Database
  1. For articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information. Only use retrieval dates if the source could change, such as Wikis.
  2. Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3), 120-125.
5. Abstract
  1. If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after the article or source name.
  2. Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract]. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(1), 54-58.
6. Newspaper Article
  1. Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
7. Electronic Books
  1. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name.
  2. De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/ taytay.html
8. Chapter/Section of a Web document
  1. Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.
  2. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
9. Online Book Reviews
  1. In brackets, write "Review of the book" and give the title of the reviewed work.
  2. Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book Girls like us]. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/Zachareck-t.html?pagewanted=2
10. Dissertation/Thesis from a Database
  1. Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)
11. Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
  1. When no author name is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry.
12. Online Bibliographies and Annotated Bibliographies
  1. Jürgens, R. (2005). HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A Select Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/intactiv/hiv-vih-aids-sida-prison-carceral_e.pdf
13. Data Sets
  1. Point readers to raw data by providing a Web address (use "Retrieved from") or a general place that houses data sets on the site (use "Available from")
  2. United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). Indiana income limits [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf
14. Graphic Data
  1. Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information.
  2. Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2008]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion-p?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion
15. Qualitative Data and Online Interviews
  1. If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If an audio file or transcript is available online, use the following model, specifying the medium in brackets.
  2. Butler, C. (Interviewer) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewee). (1999). Oral History 2 [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oraln Histories Project Web site: http:// www11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm
16. Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides
  1. When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title.
  2. Roberts, K. F. (1998). Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/40hrenv/index.html
17. Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report
  1. List as much of the following information as possible.
  2. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from http://Web address
18. Computer Software/Downloaded Software
  1. Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software.
  2. Software that is downloaded from a Web site should provide the software's version and year when available.
  3. Hayes, B., Tesar, B., & Zuraw, K. (2003). OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software (Version 2.1) [Software]. Available from http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft/
19. E-mail
  1. E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
20. Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting
  1. Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board.
  2. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets.
  3. Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html
21. Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post
  1. Include the title of the message and the URL. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name.
  2. J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport
22. Wikis
  1. APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis are collaborative projects that cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.
  2. OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2011 from the OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop. org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay
23. Audio Podcast
  1. For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible.
  2. Bell, T. & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare. Science @ NASA Podcast. Podcast retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm
24. Video Podcasts
  1. For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible.
  2. Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom [Episode 7]. Adventures in Education. Podcast retrieved from http://www.adveeducation.com