1. TENSES
   1. Present Tense
      1. repeating
      2. objective
      3. "They play cards every friday"
   2. Past Tense
      1. completely over
   3. Present Perfect
      1. past till now
         1. "I have known him since 1960"
      2. recent, news
         1. "It has started to rain"
      3. influence on present
         1. "He has broken his leg, he can't drive"
   4. Present Perfect Continuous
      1. insist on duration
         1. "We have been living here for 20 years"
   5. Past Perfect
      1. before another in the past
         1. "After he had taken of his coat he sat down"
   6. Past Perfect Continuous
      1. insist on duration
         1. "He had been living here before he moved"
      2. before another in the past
   7. Non-Continuous
      1. feelings
         1. hate, love, like, mind
      2. knowledge
         1. know, understand, forget, remember, believe, (think)
      3. sensation
         1. taste, smell, see, hear, feel, touch
      4. possession
         1. have, own, belong, possess, contain
      5. desire
         1. want, wish, expect
2. FUTURE
   1. Future I
      1. action will start in the future
      2. going to
         1. plan, intend
            1. "I'm going to sell my car"
      3. will
         1. spontaneous
            1. "I will come with you
         2. no influence
            1. "The ambulance will come soon"
   2. Future Continuous
      1. will be going on in the future
      2. will be happening at a certain time in the future
      3. next week, this time tomorrow
      4. "Next year I will be taking my exam"
   3. Future Perfect II
      1. will have finished at a certain time in the future
      2. "By tomorrow I will have done my studies"
   4. NO FUTURE AFTER
      1. if unless as soon as until when after/before while
      2. exept
         1. if ?
            1. "I wonder if he will join us?"
         2. when ?
            1. "When will you leave us?"
3. PARTICIPLE
   1. Present participle
      1. adjective
         1. "interesting"
      2. there is/are
         1. "There is music coming out"
      3. to spent/waste time doing smth
         1. "He spent two hours tidying up his room"
      4. movement/rest
         1. run, jump, sit, walk, lie
         2. "He sat in his armchair drinking a glass of beer"
      5. perception
         1. to see, feel, taste, hear, look, watch, listen, notice
         2. "He listened to her practising the piano"
      6. replacing clauses
         1. time clause
            1. when, after
            2. "Recognising us, Bob stopped"
         2. clause of reason
            1. as, because, since
            2. "Not knowing anybody at the party Sue went home"
         3. relative clauses
            1. which
            2. "The tree falling over hit a car"
         4. clauses of manner
            1. Art und Weise
            2. "He ate his dinner watching TV"
         5. although if unless while as if
            1. "Although being ill he came to work"
   2. Past participle
      1. adjective
         1. "interested"
      2. there was/were
         1. "There were 20 people injured in the accident"
      3. movement/rest
         1. run, jump, sit, walk, lie
         2. "He just sat there surprised by the news"
      4. perception
         1. to see, feel, taste, hear, look, watch, listen, notice
         2. "She felt her arm (being) touched"
      5. replacing clauses
         1. time clause
            1. when, after
            2. "Having been arrested the thief denied"
         2. clause of reason
            1. as, because, since
            2. "Having been insulted she refused to speak to them again"
         3. relative clauses
            1. which
            2. "I detest the new episodes shown on TV"
         4. although if unless while as if
            1. "He looked as if surprised by us"
4. GERUND
   1. noun/subject
      1. "Riding horses is my hobby"
      2. "What do you thik of dancing?"
   2. after certain verbs
   3. after verbs + preposition
   4. adjective + preposition
   5. nouns + preposition
   6. prepositions
      1. on in after before by
         1. instead of in spite of for without because of
5. INFITITIVE
   1. most verbs
      1. "They expected us to bring a bottle of wine"
      2. "They didn't want us to wait outside"
   2. most adjectives
      1. "It's dangerous to go out at night"
      2. "It's possible to exchange these goods"
      3. "I'm pleased to meet you"
   3. too / enough
      1. "This camera is too expensive for me to buy"
      2. "There aren't enough people for the organiser to be satisfied"
   4. Infinitive of purpose
      1. "We got up early to see the fishing boats arrive"
      2. "They went to the bank to withdraw some money"
   5. with
      1. somebody, something some-, any-, no-, everywhere the first, the last
         1. "I must find somebody to help me"
         2. "Would you like something to drink?"
         3. "There is nothing to eat"
         4. "They were the first to leave"
      2. how where what when who
         1. "He didn't know what to do"
         2. "Can you tell me where to park the car?"
6. GERUND OR INFINITIVE
   1. Without a change of meaning
      1. Gerund
         1. describes smth more general
            1. "I like dancing"
            2. "He hates standing in queues"
      2. Infinitive
         1. is used for a particular moment (now, today)
            1. "I would like to go out (now)"
            2. "I would like to come with you"
      3. Verbs without change
         1. like love hate dislike bother finish continue
            1. "He finished reading / to read"
            2. "He continued to talk / talking"
   2. With a change of meaning
      1. to try
         1. Infinitive
            1. to do one's best / effort
            2. "He tried to finish on time"
            3. "We tried to explain his behaviour"
         2. Gerund
            1. advice / alternative
            2. "I've got a backache: Try lying down / working less / consulting a doctor"
            3. "He doesn't answer the phone. Try sending an email"
      2. to mean
         1. Infinitive
            1. to plan / intend
            2. "I meant to phone you but I forgot"
            3. "He didn't mean to hurt you"
         2. Gerund
            1. to involve / to have as result
            2. "If you invite Bob it means inviting his Girlfriend too"
            3. "Parking your car here means having to pay a ticket"
      3. to allow / permit
         1. Infinitive
            1. a precise person
            2. "He didn't allow/permit US to leave early"
            3. "WE are not allowed to use this lift"
         2. Gerund
            1. general
            2. "They don't allow smoking on the promises"
      4. regret forget remember stop
         1. Infinitive
            1. "This is an e-mail from Bob. He regrets to inform us that he can't come"
            2. Er bedauert etwas tun zu müssen
            3. "I went to the shop but I forgot to buy some bread. Sorry"
            4. Ich habe nich daran gedacht
            5. "Did you remember to phone John when you were in London?"
            6. Er hat daran gedacht
            7. "Suddenly he stopped to have a look at his watch"
            8. Er unterbrach ein Handlung um eine andere zu beginnen
         2. Gerund
            1. "It's all my mistake. I regret copying the wrong figures"
            2. Er bedauert etwas getan zu haben
            3. "He was very kind to us. I'll never forget his giving us so many presents"
            4. Ich werde das nie vergessen
            5. "He's a good friend of mine. I remember going to the same class"
            6. Er erinnert sich
            7. "I hate this weather. Will it never stop raining?"
            8. Es wird aufhören
      5. to use
         1. "It's no use / good / point waiting"
            1. Es hat keinen Zweck
         2. "I'm used to waiting"
            1. accustomed to smth, jetzt daran gewöhnt sein
         3. "I used to work night shifts"
            1. Früher war er es gewöhnt
      6. would rather
         1. No infinitive after but a gerund
            1. ????
7. CAUSATIVE
   1. to make somebody do something
      1. "I'll make the secretary call all our members"
   2. to get somebody TO do something
      1. "I'll get the secretary to call all our members"
   3. to have something done
      1. "We have the kitchen repainted"
      2. "We'll have our car serviced"
      3. "I've just had my car washed"
   4. to get something done
      1. "I must get my teeth done"
   5. to let somebody do something
      1. Permission
      2. "He often lets the pupils go home early"
      3. "He won't let us use his PC"
8. CONDITIONS
   1. General
      1. always true
      2. if present tense - present tense
      3. "He always gets furious, if he loses"
   2. Probable
      1. the condition will be fulfilled, refer to the future
      2. if present tense - future
      3. "If the sun shines this afternoon I will go for a ride on my bike"
         1. believes that the sun will shine
   3. Improbable
      1. the condition will not be fulfilled, refer to the future
      2. if past tense - conditional one
      3. "If you came with me I would show you the sights of London"
      4. to be -> were
         1. "If I were rich..."
         2. "If I were you..."
   4. Impossible
      1. Condition of the past
      2. if past perfect - conditional two
      3. "If you had gone to bed early last night you wouldn't have overslept"
9. MODALS
   1. ability
      1. can/cannot
         1. Past Tense
            1. "I could swim when I was 5"
            2. "I was able to swim when I was 5"
         2. Future
            1. "I will be able to come"
         3. Present Perfect
            1. "Have you been able to ...?"
   2. permission
      1. can
      2. "Can/May I go now?"
   3. to ask for a favour/request
      1. could
      2. "Could you open the window please?"
      3. "Could you tell me ...?"
   4. obligation
      1. must
         1. to have to
         2. "Must I do it? Yes you must / No you needn't"
         3. "We had to wait" (Past Tense)
         4. "Do we have to get up early every day"
      2. needn't
         1. not to have to
         2. "They didn't have to sign the paper"
   5. permission
      1. may
      2. may not
   6. prohibition
      1. must not
      2. "They were not allowed to enter the lounge"
   7. possibility
      1. may/might
      2. may not/might not
      3. "It is possible that / perhaps you are right"
      4. "You may be right / might be right" (more tentative)
      5. Past
         1. "He ma/might not have been at home"
         2. "It's possible that she didn't know"
         3. "She may / might not have known about"
   8. complain
      1. might
      2. "You might take your shoes of when you come in"
      3. "You might have done the washing up before you whent out"
   9. certain / logical deduction
      1. must
      2. "I'm sure he is at home"
      3. "He must be at home"
      4. Past
         1. "I'm sure that they have finished"
         2. "They must have finished"
         3. "I'm sure he didn't say that"
         4. "He can't have said that"
         5. "I'm sure it isn't true"
         6. "It can't be true"
   10. advice / asking other people what you should do (personal meaning)
       1. should
       2. ought to
       3. "Do you think I should / ought to take some flowers?"
       4. Past
          1. should have
          2. ought to have
          3. "You should have / ought to have taken a decision a long time ago"
   11. assumption
       1. should
       2. "I supposed that they are at home"
       3. "They should be at home"
       4. "I enjoyed the film; the novel should be quite good"
   12. it was not necessary no obligation
       1. needn't have
       2. "We've got plenty of sweets, you needn't have brought any more"
       3. ≠ "I knew we have lots of sweets, so I didn't have to buy any"
       4. "We spent hours checking the data. They were all correct"
       5. "We needn't have checked them"
       6. ≠ "I expected the data to be correct, so I didn't have to check them"
   13. to be to
       1. a strict order from a 3rd person
          1. "Passengers are to open all their luggage"
          2. Mum says you are to turn down the volume"
       2. fate, destiny, arrangements
          1. "The Prime Minister is to make a speech on TV tonight"
          2. He was to lose his wife in an accident"
       3. an arrangement that failed
          1. "They were to have given a concert in Hyde Parky but it was cancelled"
          2. "The roadworks were to have finished this week"
   14. emphases
       1. "I told you"
          1. "I did tell you!"
       2. "Come in"
          1. "Do come in!"
10. PASSIVE
    1. Present Simple
       1. do
       2. is done
    2. Past Simple
       1. done
       2. was done
    3. Infinitive
       1. (will) do
       2. (will) be done
    4. Perfect Infinitive
       1. have done
       2. have been done
    5. Past Perfect
       1. had done
       2. had been done
    6. Present Continuous
       1. is doing
       2. is being done
    7. Past Continuous
       1. was doing
       2. was being done