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TENSES
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Present Tense
- repeating
- objective
- "They play cards every friday"
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Past Tense
- completely over
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Present Perfect
-
past till now
- "I have known him since 1960"
-
recent, news
- "It has started to rain"
-
influence on present
- "He has broken his leg, he can't drive"
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Present Perfect Continuous
-
insist on duration
- "We have been living here for 20 years"
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Past Perfect
-
before another in the past
- "After he had taken of his coat he sat down"
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Past Perfect Continuous
-
insist on duration
- "He had been living here before he moved"
- before another in the past
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Non-Continuous
-
feelings
- hate, love, like, mind
-
knowledge
- know, understand, forget, remember, believe, (think)
-
sensation
- taste, smell, see, hear, feel, touch
-
possession
- have, own, belong, possess, contain
-
desire
- want, wish, expect
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FUTURE
-
Future I
- action will start in the future
-
going to
-
plan, intend
- "I'm going to sell my car"
-
will
-
spontaneous
- "I will come with you
-
no influence
- "The ambulance will come soon"
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Future Continuous
- will be going on in the future
- will be happening at a certain time in the future
- next week, this time tomorrow
- "Next year I will be taking my exam"
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Future Perfect II
- will have finished at a certain time in the future
- "By tomorrow I will have done my studies"
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NO FUTURE AFTER
- if
unless
as soon as
until
when
after/before
while
-
exept
-
if ?
- "I wonder if he will join us?"
-
when ?
- "When will you leave us?"
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PARTICIPLE
-
Present participle
-
adjective
- "interesting"
-
there is/are
- "There is music coming out"
-
to spent/waste time doing smth
- "He spent two hours tidying up his room"
-
movement/rest
- run, jump, sit, walk, lie
- "He sat in his armchair drinking a glass of beer"
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perception
- to see, feel, taste, hear, look, watch, listen, notice
- "He listened to her practising the piano"
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replacing clauses
-
time clause
- when, after
- "Recognising us, Bob stopped"
-
clause of reason
- as, because, since
- "Not knowing anybody at the party Sue went home"
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relative clauses
- which
- "The tree falling over hit a car"
-
clauses of manner
- Art und Weise
- "He ate his dinner watching TV"
-
although
if
unless
while
as if
- "Although being ill he came to work"
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Past participle
-
adjective
- "interested"
-
there was/were
- "There were 20 people injured in the accident"
-
movement/rest
- run, jump, sit, walk, lie
- "He just sat there surprised by the news"
-
perception
- to see, feel, taste, hear, look, watch, listen, notice
- "She felt her arm (being) touched"
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replacing clauses
-
time clause
- when, after
- "Having been arrested the thief denied"
-
clause of reason
- as, because, since
- "Having been insulted she refused to speak to them again"
-
relative clauses
- which
- "I detest the new episodes shown on TV"
-
although
if
unless
while
as if
- "He looked as if surprised by us"
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GERUND
-
noun/subject
- "Riding horses is my hobby"
- "What do you thik of dancing?"
- after certain verbs
- after verbs + preposition
- adjective + preposition
- nouns + preposition
-
prepositions
-
on
in
after
before
by
- instead of
in spite of
for
without
because of
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INFITITIVE
-
most verbs
- "They expected us to bring a bottle of wine"
- "They didn't want us to wait outside"
-
most adjectives
- "It's dangerous to go out at night"
- "It's possible to exchange these goods"
- "I'm pleased to meet you"
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too / enough
- "This camera is too expensive for me to buy"
- "There aren't enough people for the organiser to be satisfied"
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Infinitive of purpose
- "We got up early to see the fishing boats arrive"
- "They went to the bank to withdraw some money"
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with
-
somebody, something
some-, any-, no-, everywhere
the first, the last
- "I must find somebody to help me"
- "Would you like something to drink?"
- "There is nothing to eat"
- "They were the first to leave"
-
how
where
what
when
who
- "He didn't know what to do"
- "Can you tell me where to park the car?"
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GERUND OR INFINITIVE
-
Without a change of meaning
-
Gerund
-
describes smth more general
- "I like dancing"
- "He hates standing in queues"
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Infinitive
-
is used for a particular moment (now, today)
- "I would like to go out (now)"
- "I would like to come with you"
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Verbs without change
-
like
love
hate
dislike
bother
finish
continue
- "He finished reading / to read"
- "He continued to talk / talking"
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With a change of meaning
-
to try
-
Infinitive
- to do one's best / effort
- "He tried to finish on time"
- "We tried to explain his behaviour"
-
Gerund
- advice / alternative
- "I've got a backache: Try lying down / working less / consulting a doctor"
- "He doesn't answer the phone. Try sending an email"
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to mean
-
Infinitive
- to plan / intend
- "I meant to phone you but I forgot"
- "He didn't mean to hurt you"
-
Gerund
- to involve / to have as result
- "If you invite Bob it means inviting his Girlfriend too"
- "Parking your car here means having to pay a ticket"
-
to allow / permit
-
Infinitive
- a precise person
- "He didn't allow/permit US to leave early"
- "WE are not allowed to use this lift"
-
Gerund
- general
- "They don't allow smoking on the promises"
-
regret
forget
remember
stop
-
Infinitive
- "This is an e-mail from Bob. He regrets to inform us that he can't come"
- Er bedauert etwas tun zu müssen
- "I went to the shop but I forgot to buy some bread. Sorry"
- Ich habe nich daran gedacht
- "Did you remember to phone John when you were in London?"
- Er hat daran gedacht
- "Suddenly he stopped to have a look at his watch"
- Er unterbrach ein Handlung um eine andere zu beginnen
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Gerund
- "It's all my mistake. I regret copying the wrong figures"
- Er bedauert etwas getan zu haben
- "He was very kind to us. I'll never forget his giving us so many presents"
- Ich werde das nie vergessen
- "He's a good friend of mine. I remember going to the same class"
- Er erinnert sich
- "I hate this weather. Will it never stop raining?"
- Es wird aufhören
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to use
-
"It's no use / good / point waiting"
- Es hat keinen Zweck
-
"I'm used to waiting"
- accustomed to smth, jetzt daran gewöhnt sein
-
"I used to work night shifts"
- Früher war er es gewöhnt
-
would rather
-
No infinitive after but a gerund
- ????
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CAUSATIVE
-
to make somebody do something
- "I'll make the secretary call all our members"
-
to get somebody TO do something
- "I'll get the secretary to call all our members"
-
to have something done
- "We have the kitchen repainted"
- "We'll have our car serviced"
- "I've just had my car washed"
-
to get something done
- "I must get my teeth done"
-
to let somebody do something
- Permission
- "He often lets the pupils go home early"
- "He won't let us use his PC"
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CONDITIONS
-
General
- always true
- if present tense - present tense
- "He always gets furious, if he loses"
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Probable
- the condition will be fulfilled, refer to the future
- if present tense - future
-
"If the sun shines this afternoon I will go for a ride on my bike"
- believes that the sun will shine
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Improbable
- the condition will not be fulfilled, refer to the future
- if past tense - conditional one
- "If you came with me I would show you the sights of London"
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to be -> were
- "If I were rich..."
- "If I were you..."
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Impossible
- Condition of the past
- if past perfect - conditional two
- "If you had gone to bed early last night you wouldn't have overslept"
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MODALS
-
ability
-
can/cannot
-
Past Tense
- "I could swim when I was 5"
- "I was able to swim when I was 5"
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Future
- "I will be able to come"
-
Present Perfect
- "Have you been able to ...?"
-
permission
- can
- "Can/May I go now?"
-
to ask for a favour/request
- could
- "Could you open the window please?"
- "Could you tell me ...?"
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obligation
-
must
- to have to
- "Must I do it? Yes you must / No you needn't"
- "We had to wait" (Past Tense)
- "Do we have to get up early every day"
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needn't
- not to have to
- "They didn't have to sign the paper"
-
permission
- may
- may not
-
prohibition
- must not
- "They were not allowed to enter the lounge"
-
possibility
- may/might
- may not/might not
- "It is possible that / perhaps you are right"
- "You may be right / might be right" (more tentative)
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Past
- "He ma/might not have been at home"
- "It's possible that she didn't know"
- "She may / might not have known about"
-
complain
- might
- "You might take your shoes of when you come in"
- "You might have done the washing up before you whent out"
-
certain / logical deduction
- must
- "I'm sure he is at home"
- "He must be at home"
-
Past
- "I'm sure that they have finished"
- "They must have finished"
- "I'm sure he didn't say that"
- "He can't have said that"
- "I'm sure it isn't true"
- "It can't be true"
-
advice / asking other
people what you
should do (personal meaning)
- should
- ought to
- "Do you think I should / ought to take some flowers?"
-
Past
- should have
- ought to have
- "You should have / ought to have taken a decision a long time ago"
-
assumption
- should
- "I supposed that they are at home"
- "They should be at home"
- "I enjoyed the film; the novel should be quite good"
-
it was not necessary
no obligation
- needn't have
- "We've got plenty of sweets, you needn't have brought any more"
- ≠ "I knew we have lots of sweets, so I didn't have to buy any"
- "We spent hours checking the data. They were all correct"
- "We needn't have checked them"
- ≠ "I expected the data to be correct, so I didn't have to check them"
-
to be to
-
a strict order from a 3rd person
- "Passengers are to open all their luggage"
- Mum says you are to turn down the volume"
-
fate, destiny, arrangements
- "The Prime Minister is to make a speech on TV tonight"
- He was to lose his wife in an accident"
-
an arrangement that failed
- "They were to have given a concert in Hyde Parky but it was cancelled"
- "The roadworks were to have finished this week"
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emphases
-
"I told you"
- "I did tell you!"
-
"Come in"
- "Do come in!"
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PASSIVE
-
Present Simple
- do
- is done
-
Past Simple
- done
- was done
-
Infinitive
- (will) do
- (will) be done
-
Perfect Infinitive
- have done
- have been done
-
Past Perfect
- had done
- had been done
-
Present Continuous
- is doing
- is being done
-
Past Continuous
- was doing
- was being done