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文法
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主詞 Subject, S
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動作或狀態的主體
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名詞
- 片語
- 子句
- 長得像adj的名詞
- applicant, delivery, denial, proposal, complaint, arrival, disposal, withdrawal, referral
- 代名詞
- 動名詞片語
- 不定詞片語
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動詞或形容詞不能當主詞
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能當名詞的verb或adj
- prospect, respect, request, review, help, charge, raise, check, deal, leave, effect, increase, offer, pay, control, interest, objective, respondent, alternative, representative, normal, individual, potential, original
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虛主詞
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it
- 代替不定詞片語或 that字句
- 搭配 "it...that..."使用
- 強調
- 人
- that -> whom
- 事物
- that -> which
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there
- 表示「有...」
- 搭配 "there + V + 真主詞" 使用
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動詞 Verb, V
- 前面可加助動詞
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祈使句
- 沒有主詞,用 Vr 開始
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型態
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動詞原型 (Vr)
- 助動詞必接Vr
- will/would, may/might, can/could, must, should
- 否定句跟倒裝句
- do/does/did
- 慣用語接Vr
- ought to (應該), had better (最好), would like to (想要), used to (過去總是), have to (必須), be able to (能夠), be going to (將會)
- 祈使句後的that Cl. 用 Vr
- 動詞
- suggest (建議), purpose (提議), recommend (建議), request / ask / require / demand (要求), insist (堅持), command / order (命令)
- 形容詞
- imperative / essential / necessary (必要的), important (重要的)
- 名詞
- advice (忠告)
- 動詞的複數型
- 除了be-V
- am/is
- are
- was
- were
- be-V 必不接 Vr
- 第三人稱單數現在式 (Vr-s)
- 過去式 (V-ed/不規則)
- 現在進行式 (V-ing)
- 被動態/完成式 (be/have V-ed/不規則, Past-participle, PP)
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種類
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不及物
- S+VI (不及物, Intangible)
- S+VI+C
- 或 VI+prep+O
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及物
- S+VT+O+that Cl.
- S+VT+間接O+直接O
- S+VT+O+受詞補語
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與主詞的單複數一致
- 動詞的複數型是 Vr
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單數主詞
- 可數名詞單數
- a client, ...
- 不可數名詞
- information, furniture, ...
- 動名詞片語
- 名詞子句
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複數主詞
- 可數名詞複數
- plans, people, ...
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-s但其實是單數
- 學科名稱
- economics, statistics, mathematics, ...
- 專有名詞
- the United States, Times, ...
- 其他名詞
- news, woods, measles, ...
- S+C+V的C, 跟V的單複數無關
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跟表數量的主詞一致
- 單數的
- one + n., each +n., every + n.
- the number of n. pl. (...的數量)
- somebody, someone, something
- anybody, anyone, anything
- everybody, everyone, everything
- nobody, no one, nothing
- all, most, any, some, half, a lot (lots) + of + n. sl. + V sl.
- 複數的
- many / several / few / both + (of the) n. pl.
- a number of n pl. (許多的...)
- a couple / variety of + n pl.
- many / several / few / both (當主詞)
- part, the rest, the bulk, percent, 分數 + of + n. pl + V pl.
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S and S
- V pl.
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S1 or S2
- S2 決定 V 的單複數
- nor / not S1 but S2, not only S1 but (also) S2, S2 as well as A
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與主格關係子句的先行詞一致
- who, which, that
- 注意先行詞後的C
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V-ing 跟 to Vr 不能當動詞用
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能當動詞的noun 或 adj
- function, question, name, document, finance, cost, experience, access, process, purchase, place, transfer, contact, demand, feature, schedule, deposit, complete, secure, correct
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受詞 Object, O
- (及物)動詞行為的對象
- 具名詞功能的單字或詞組
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若有補語,且受詞為不定詞片語或 that 子句
- 變成 "it + ... + 受詞."
- 動詞跟形容詞不能當受詞
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補語 Complement, C
- 補充主詞或受詞
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名詞或形容詞
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名詞
- 子句
- 片語
- 動名詞片語
- 不定詞片語
- 分詞
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注意
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remain
- 不定詞
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keep, find
- adj / 分詞
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後續接的動詞
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主詞補語
- be, become, get, seem, remain, turn, taste, feel, look, sound
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受詞補語
- make, keep, find, consider, call
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名詞補語
- 表示主詞跟受詞相當
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形容詞補語
- 表示主詞或受詞的性質/狀態
- 不能填動詞或副詞
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修飾語 Modifier, M
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為句中的必要元素增添資訊
- 不定詞片語
- 分詞
- 介系詞片語
- 關係子句
- 副詞子句
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修飾片語
- 沒有 S / V
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修飾子句
- 有 S +V
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在句中的位置
- M + S + V
- S + M + V
- S + V + M
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主動態與被動態
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主動態
- 行為的主體
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改為被動態時,原本的O改為S
- 只有VT能改
- VT後接 O
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被動態
- 行為的對象
- VI 後不接O
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S+VT+間接O+直接O
- 其中一個O 會在V-ed 的後面
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S+VT+O+受詞補語
- 受詞補語會在 V-ed 的後面
- 名詞片語
- consider (認為), call (叫), elect (推選)
- consider (考慮) 是第三類句型
- to V
- advice (勸告), ask (要求), expect (期待), invite (邀請), remind (提醒), require (要求)
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慣用語
- V-ed + prep
- be ...
- amuse
- surprised
- alarmed
- astonished
- frightened
- shocked
- disappointed
- pleased
- delighted
- statisfied
- gratified
- bored
- associated
- equipped
- covered
- crowded
- credited
- related
- devoted
- dedicated
- exposed
- tired
- convinced
- based on
- divided into
- worried about
- concerned about/over
- + at
- + with
- + to
- + of
- V-ed + to-V
- be ...
- asked
- requested
- told
- reminded
- encouraged
- invited
- urged
- advised
- warned
- pected
- allowed
- permitted
- supposed
- scheduled
- projected
- + to
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情感動詞
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S 是受到情感的對象
- 感到...
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S 是誘發情感的原因
- 令人...
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興趣、滿足
- interest, excite, amuse, please, fascinate, encourage, satisfy, thrill
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失望、不滿
- disappoint, discourage, dissatisfy, depress, tire, trouble, frustrate
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驚慌、刺激
- bewilder, shock, surprise
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時態
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簡單式
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現在式
- 經常發生的事、一般性的事實、反覆發生的事
- 在時間子句 (when cl.) 或條件子句 (if cl.),用現在式表示未來
- 引導子句的連接詞
- when, before, after, as soon as, once, if, unless, by the time
- 主要子句還是用未來式
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過去式
- 已經結束的過去動作或狀態
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未來式
- 對未來狀況的推測或意向
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進行式
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現在進行
- 正在進行的事
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過去進行
- 過去特定時間發生的事
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未來進行
- 未來特定時間發生的事
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不適用的 V
- 情感動詞
- surprise, shock, hate, prefer, want, believe
- 狀態動詞
- include, need, be, know, exist, consist
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完成式
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現在完成
- 從過去發生到現在
- 剛結束
- already, just
- 過去的經驗
- ever / never / yet
- 過去發生過並影響到現在
- for / since
- has / have p.p.
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過去完成
- 過去特定時間點之前已發生的事
- had p.p.
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未來完成
- 未來特定時間點之前會完成的事
- will have p.p.
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時態一致
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常見時間表達方式
- 現在式
- usually / often / each month (/year) / generally
- 過去式
- yesterday / recently / 期間 + ago / last + 時間 / in + 過去期間
- 現在完成式
- since + 過去 / in the last (/past) / over the last (/past) / recently
- 未來式/未來完成式
- tomorrow / next + 時間 / by/until 未來時間 / as of 未來時間 / by the time S + V 現在式 / when S + V 現在式
- until 不能用於未來完成式
- by the time 的主要子句要用過去完成式
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主要子句為過去式
- 從屬子句用過去式或過去完成式
- 若從屬子句表示持續到現在的動作或狀態
- 可用現在式/現在完成式
- 若從屬字距表示持續到未來的動作或狀態
- 可用未來式/未來完成式
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假設語氣
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if cl. 跟主要cl. 的時態一致
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未來式
- 可能性很低的未來假設
- If S should Vr, S will / can / may / should Vr
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過去式
- 與現在事實相反的假設
- If S V過去式/were, S would / could / might / should Vr
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過去完成式
- 與過去事實相反的假設
- If S had p.p., S would / could / might / should have p.p.
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混和假設語氣句
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if cl. 跟主要子句時態不同
- 多時序的
- 主要 cl. 比 if cl. 的時態再往前一個
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主要子句常見的單字
- now, today
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沒有 if 的假設句
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助動詞跟主詞前後互換
- If S should → Should if
- if cl. → without n.
- if cl. → otherwise
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不定詞
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動詞
- 類似名詞、形容詞、副詞
- 可以接受詞、補語,還有被副詞修飾
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表目的
- to → in order to, so as to
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詞態
- to Vr, to be p.p., to be V-ing, to have p.p.
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意義上的主詞
- for n., for 代名詞受格
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常見前置動詞
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V+ O
- 想要
- want, need, wish, hope, desire, expect
- 計畫
- plan, aim, decide
- 提議/承諾/拒絕
- offer, ask, promise, agree, refuse
- 其他
- fail, serve, pretend, afford, manage, prefer
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V + O + M
- 想要
- want, need, expect, invite
- 說服
- encourage, persuade, convince, cause, ask
- 強迫、要求
- force, compel, get, tell, require
- 允許
- allow, permit, enable
- 提醒
- remind, warn, advise
- 禁止
- forbid
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V+ M
- 有待
- remain
- 似乎
- seem, appear
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常見前置名詞
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...的 n.
- ability, authority, capacity, chance, claim, decision, effort, need, opportunity, plan, readiness, right, time, way, wish
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常見前置形容詞
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be adj to Vr
- 可能
- able, ready, willing, likely
- 渴望
- eager, anxious
- 感情
- pleased, delighted
- 判斷
- easy, difficult, good, dangerous
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準使役動詞
- help + (O) + (to) Vr
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使役動詞
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+ O + Vr
- make, let, have
- get 只能接 to Vr
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感官動詞
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+ O + to Vr / V-ing
- hear, see, watch, notice
- 若 C 表示被動,則 Vr 改為 p.p.
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動名詞
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動詞
- 類似名詞
- 可以接受詞、補語,還有被副詞修飾
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詞態
- being p.p., having p.p.
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意義上的主詞
- 前面加上所有格
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常見前置動詞
-
享受
- enjoy
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提議、考慮
- suggest, recommend, consider
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終止、延期
- finish, quit, discontinue, give up, postpone
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否定意義
- dislike, deny, mind, avoid
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可接不定詞跟動名詞的動詞
-
句意相同
- like, love, prefer, hate, start, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose
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句意不同
- +V-ing: 表過去
- +to Vr: 表未來或目的
- remember, forget, regret
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特殊文法
- V1 + V2-ing 或 V1 + O + to V2r
- advise, allow, permit, forbid...
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動名詞跟名詞的異同
- 動名詞 + O
- a / an + 名詞
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慣用語
-
go (去做), on (一做...就...), it's no use (做...沒用), spend 時間/錢 , have difficulty/trouble/a problem (in) (做 ... 有困難), be busy (in) (忙著做...), be worth (值得做), keep (on) (繼續做...), feel like (想要做), cannot help (忍不住做...)
- + V-ing
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prep + to 動名詞
- contribute, look forward, object, lead
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be
- committed
- dedicated
- devoted
- used
- 若只有一組 prep + to, 也可以接 n.
- to V-ing
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分詞
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動詞
- 類似形容詞
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V-ing
- 在名詞前
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V-ed
- 在名詞後
- 可以接受詞、補語,還有被副詞修飾
- 可以接受詞、補語,還有被副詞修飾
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分詞構句
-
副詞子句
- 表時間、原因、條件、連續動作
- 也可在前面加連接詞
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表同時發生
- with + O + 分詞
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現在分詞
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跟被修飾的詞句是主動關係
- offering
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誘發情感的原因
- interesting
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過去分詞
-
跟被修飾的詞句是被動關係
- offered
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感受情感的對象
- interested
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易混淆的慣用語
-
現在分詞 + n.
- operating remarks, existing equipment, missing luggage, lasting impression, leading research center, presiding officer, promising recruit, improving skills (improved skills).
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過去分詞 + n.
- 偏好、資格
- preferred means, proposed plan, experienced/qualified/skilled applicant
- 標示、記載
- designated smoking area, reserved space, detailed information, written consent, limited warranty, limited items
- 購買、製造
- purchased office desks, customized products, finished products, handcrafted goods
- 其他
- repeated absences, attached document, damaged items
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名詞 noun, n
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表示人、事、地、物、抽象概念的名稱
- 也可當動狀詞的 O
- 冠詞 + n + prep
- adj / 分詞 + n
- 所有格 + (adj) + n
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n + n
- 複合名詞
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可數 countable, [C]
- 人、事、物的普通名詞
- 群體
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前面+ 冠詞 或 用複數形 (pl.)
- -es
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像 [U] 的 [C]
- a
- price, purpose, refund, relation, statement, workplace, source, result, compliment, request
- an
- approach
- (pl.)
- belongings, measures, savings, standards, funds
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不可數 Uncountable, [U]
- 特定的人事物的專有名詞
- 概念、動作、狀態
- 物質
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像 [C] 的 [U]
- access, advice, baggage, equipment, information, luggage, machinery, news, stationery, consent
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意近的 [C] - [U]
- an account (帳戶) - accounting (會計), an advertisement (廣告) - advertising (廣告宣傳), clothes (衣服) - clothing (服飾), a fund (基金/資金) - funding (提供資金), furnishings (傢俱裝潢類) - furniture (傢俱), goods (貨品) - merchandise (商品), a lender (出借人) - lending (出借), a letter (信函) - mail (郵件), a permit (許可證) - permission (許可), a process (過程) / procedures (程序、步驟) - processing (處理、加工), a seat (座位) - seating (座位安排), a ticket (票) - ticketing (售票)
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同時有 [C] / [U] 特性,但意思不同的名詞
- customs (關稅/海關) - custom (習俗)
- savings (存款/儲蓄) - saving (節約)
- manners (風俗習慣/禮儀) - manner (方法/方式)
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限定詞 + 名詞
-
冠詞
- 不定冠詞
- a / an
- an 看發音, 不看字母
- a university /ju/
- 定冠詞
- the
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數量形容詞
- [C]
- 單數
- one, every, each
- 複數
- (a) few, fewer, many, several, various, both
- [U]
- 前面
- (a) little, less, much
- [C] 或 [U] 前面
- no, any
- more, some, all, most
- 接 [C] 時要用複數形
- 所有格
- 指示詞
-
人/事/物 n. 都能放在 n., 但要選擇適合句意的名詞
- eg. architecture (抽象的建築) 跟 architect (建築師)
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複合名詞
-
n1 + n2
- n1
- adj., V., 分詞
-
改為複數形時,n2 字尾 + -(e)s
- n1 不能加 -(e)s 的例外
- customs office, public relations department, earnings growth, electronics company, savings account/bank/plan, sales division/promotion, human resources department
-
數字 + 單位名詞 + 名詞 的單位名詞不能加 -s
- 單位名詞不修飾其他名詞時,要加 -s
-
易混淆的名詞
- ↓這一排通常是答案
-
coverage
- cover, covering
-
competition
- competence
-
entry
- entrance
-
indentification
- identity
-
interests
- interest
-
likelihood
- likeness
-
objective
- objectivity
-
object
- objection
-
percent
- percentage
-
permit
- permission
-
procedure
- proceedings
-
productivity
- product, produce, prodection
-
professionalism
- profession, professional
-
remainder
- remains
-
responsibility
- responsiveness
-
sense
- sensation
-
utlization
- utility
-
代名詞
-
避免重複使用同個名詞
- 詞性跟名詞一樣
-
依作用分別
-
人稱代名詞
- 種類
- 主格, 所有格, 受格, 所有格代名詞
- I, my, me, mine
- we, our us, ours
- you, your, you, yours
- he, his, him, his
- she, her, her, hers
- it, its, it, -
- they, their, them, theirs
- 用在名詞前面
- 受格=及物動詞跟prep之間的 O
- 不接名詞
- 若是代表收件人→第二人稱
- 若是寄件人→第一人稱
-
反身代名詞
- -self / -selves
- 若 O = S,O使用反身代名詞,且不能省略
- 為了強調 S 或 O
- 在句尾或強調的詞後面使用
- 可以省略
- 慣用語
- by oneself (獨自), for oneself (為自己), of itself (自動地), in itself (本身、實質上)
- 若 O != S, 要使用受格
-
指示代名詞
- that, those
- those 也可表示
- ...的人們
- they, them
- the
- 不能代替人物,不能用 this/these 代換
-
不定代名詞
- one (非特定的單數 [C])
- ones (非特定的 pl. [C])
- another (已提到的另個同類事物)
- 接單數 [C]
- other/others (已提到的另外數個同類事物)
- 接複數 [U]
- the other(s) (特定範圍內的其他所有事物)
- some (用在肯定句)
- 表示邀請或請求的疑問句
- something, somebody, someone
- any (用在否定、疑問、條件句)
- 肯定句中表示 任何...都
- anything, anybody, anyone
- no (adj.)
- + n.
- no one
- of the
- not a/an, not one
- none (代名詞)
- nothing = not anything
- most (代名詞/adj.)
- 大部分
- almost (adv.)
- 幾乎
- 慣用語
- each other, one another (彼此)
- 代名詞一致
- 當 adj 用時也一樣
- 跟 n. 的性別/人稱一致
- 要先知道代名詞是代指哪個名詞
- 也可能要找其他句子
-
形容詞 Adjective, adj
- 限定或說明名詞的性質、狀態
- 結尾多為 -able, -al, -ible, -ic, -tive, -ous, -ful, -y
-
表達方式
-
[C]前面
- 名詞單數形
- a/an, each, one, every, another, a single
- 名詞複數形
- one of, (a) few, both, several, various, a couple of, a majority of, each of, fewer, many, numerous, a variety of, a number of, a (wide) range of
-
[U]前面
- (a) little, less, much, a great deal of, a large amount of
-
都可以
- no, more, some, lots of, plenty of, a wealth of, all, most, any, a lot of, other
- 但[C]要變pl.
- all, more, most, lots of, a lot of, plenty of, other
-
數量詞 + of the + n.
- all / both 可省略 of
-
易混淆
- admirable - admiring, appreciative - appreciable, argumentative - arguable, beneficial - beneficent, careful - caring, considerable - considerate, comparable - comparative, comprehensible - comprehensive, dependent - dependable, economic - economical, favorable - favorite, impressive - impressed, informed - informative, managerial - manageable, persuasive - persuaded, probable - probabilistic, profitable - proficient, prospective - prosperous, reliable - reliant, respectable - respective, responsible - responsive, seasonal - seasoned, successful - successive, understanding - understandable
-
慣用語
-
be
- available, eligible, responsible
- available, about, likely / apt / liable, eligible, willing
- aware / conscious / cognizant, capable
- comparable to n., consistent with, skilled in/at, subject to n., subjective to n., bound to
- for
- to do
- of
-
副詞 Adverb, adv
- 修飾名詞以外的詞
- 大多是 adj-ly
-
修飾 v 時
- 在 v / 動狀詞 + O 的前後
- 助動詞 + V-ing / p.p. 中間或後面
-
易混淆
- hard - hardly, high - highly, great - greatly, late - lately, most - mostly, near - nearly
-
可以當 adj / adv
- early, high, far, hard, late, long, near, weekly, monthly, fast, daily, yearly
-
時間副詞
-
already
- 肯定
-
still
- 肯/否/疑問
- still not
-
yet
- 否/疑
- not yet
- finally, soon
-
ever
- 否/疑
-
ago
- 以現在為基準
-
once
- 非特定的過去時間點
-
頻率副詞
- V的前面、助動詞跟 be V 的後面
-
always > almost > often = frequently > usually > sometimes > hardly/rarely/seldom/scarcely/barely > once never
- always 不能放句首
- 否定詞放句首,S + V 會變 V +S
- 不能跟否定詞連用
-
連接副詞
-
連接前後語意
- 要靠 ";" 才能單獨連接兩個句子
- 可放句首 + ,
- In addition, even so, to that end, in contrast, in fact, if so, in response, as a result, after that, by comparison, in particular, since then, on the contrary
- besides, moreover, furthermore, then, afterwards, accordingly, therefore, hence, consequently, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, otherwise, instead, meantime, meanwhile
-
強調副詞
-
強調
- just/right + before/after
- even + phr/單字
- quite + a/an n.
-
強調 prep/n. phr
- only/just
-
強調 prep. phr.
- well (遠遠)
-
強調比較詞
- nearly/almost/just
- 原級
- much, even, still, far, a lot, by far (遠遠)
- 比較級
- by far, quite (顯然)
- 最高級
-
so
- 修飾 adj/adv
-
very
- 像 so, 但不能跟 that cl. 合用
- much
-
too
- 負面意義
-
such
- adj
- + a/an + 單數 n.
-
也
-
also
- 句尾
- too, as well
-
either
- 承續兩段否定句
- 句尾
-
後
-
later
- + 一段時間
-
thereafter
- =after that
-
since
- 從以前到現在
-
方向
- forward/backward
-
狀態
- ahead/behind
-
介系詞 Preposition, prep
-
+ n
- 表示場所、時間、原因
-
時間
-
in
- 月、年、季、世紀、多久後、早上、下午、晚上
-
at
- 時刻
- 時間點
- since, from, until/by, before/prior to
- + 時間點
-
on
- 日期、星期、特定節日
-
期間
- for/during, over/through/throughout, within
- + 期間
-
場所
-
in
- 較大的空間
- 場所裡面
-
at
- 地點、地址
- 場所本身
-
on
- 表面上、正上方
-
慣用語
-
in
- advance, time, place, effect, particular, writing, one's absence, a timely manner, the foreseeable future
-
at
- once, times, least, all times, the latest, regular intervals, a good pace, high speed, a low price, xx miles/meters an hour, the rate of, the age of, a charge of, one's expense, your earliest convenience
-
on
- time, a regular basis, arrival, request, the waiting list, the recommendation of
-
位置
- above/over, below/under, beside/next to, behind, between/among, near, within, around
-
慣用語
- above one's expectations
- have the edge/advantage over
- under
- new management, new policy, close supervision, current contract, control, pressure, investigation, review, consideration, discussion, construction, way
- a difference/gap between A and B
- within walking distance of
- around the
- world
- corner
-
方向
- from, to, across, through, along, for, toward(s), into, out of
-
慣用語
- from one's view point
- to
- the relief of, the point, a great extent, one's satisfaction, my knowledge, your heart's contet
- along
- the shore
- the side of
- across
- the nation
- the street
- from the post office
- out of
- date, room, season, paper, reach, print, control, order, stock, town
-
理由、讓步、目的
-
因為
- because of, due to, owing to, on account of
-
儘管
- despite, in spite of, with all
-
為了
- for
-
除外、附加
-
除了
- except (for), excepting, apart from, aside from
- (for) 不能接 conj + cl
-
要是沒有
- barring, without, but for
-
代替
- instead of
-
除了...還有
- in addition to, besides, apart from
-
選擇介系詞
-
of
- A of B
- A = v., B = S
- A = S, B = v.
- A = B
- A ∈ B 或 A ⊂ B
-
關於...
- about, on/upon, over, as to, as for, concerning, regarding, with/in regard to, with respect to, with/in reference to
-
其他介系詞
-
藉由、按照、透過、遍及、貫穿
- throughout
- through
- the use of, (action)
- by
- phone/fax/mail, land/sea/air, cash/check/card, law
-
和...一起
- with
- no doubt, no exception
-
沒有
- without
- the aim of, paying
-
作為
- as
-
像
- like
-
不像
- unlike
-
反對、倚靠
- against
- the law, act ~ one's will
-
超越、遠於
- beyond
- repair, one's capacity
-
在...之後
- following
-
另有
- plus
-
慣用語
-
v + prep
- advertise on, contribute to, associate A with B, account for, depend/rely/count on, congratulate A on B, add to, register for, direct A to B, comply with, wait for, return A to B, consist of, keep track of, transfer A to B
-
adj + prep
- absent from, equivalent to, identical to, consistent with, responsible for. comparable to/with, similar to
-
n + prep
- access to
- a
- solution to, cause/reason for, lack of, problem with, dispute over, question about/concerning/regarding, decrease in
- an
- advocate for (of), effect/impact/influence on
- concern over/about, permission from, respect for
-
兩個單字以上
- as of 時間, contrary to, regardless of, by means of, on behalf of
-
對等連接詞
- 連接單字與單字、片語與片語、子句與子句
- 重複的字可以省略
-
and
- + so/yet/then 的意義更明確
- 動詞用複數形
-
or
- 動詞和最後面的主詞形態一致
- yet
- so
- for
- 只能連接子句
-
相關連接詞
-
成對使用兩個單字的連接詞
- both A and B, either A or B, neither A nor B, not a but B / (only) B, not A, not only A but (only) B
-
主詞跟動詞的單複數要一致
- 跟 B 一致
-
關係子句
-
修飾前方 n 的 C
- 相當於 adj
-
關係代名詞 + (主詞) + 動詞
- that
- 逗點後不可接 that
- who(m), whose
- 人
- which, whose, of which
- 物
- 省略法
- prep + 關係代名詞
- 前句的 n = 後句 prep 的 O
- prep + 關係代名詞
- I interviewed a woman. I had previously met with her.
- I interviewed a woman whom I had previously me with.
- I interviewed a woman with whom I had previously met.
- prep 取決於先行詞或關係子句的 v.
- 後面接完整子句
- 數量表達 + 關係代名詞
- one/each, some/any, many/much/most, + of + 關係代名詞, all/both, several, half/the rest
- 略去主格關係代名詞 + be V.
- 略去受格關係代名詞
-
關係副詞 + 主詞 + 動詞
- when, where, why, how
- 動詞的數量跟語態,和前方的名詞一致
-
限定用法
- 限定名詞意義
-
非限定用法
- 補充說明名詞特性
- 前加逗點","
- 也可修飾前方的句子
-
依種類選擇正確的關係副詞
-
day/year/time
- when
-
place, building
- where
-
the reason
- why
-
the way
- (how)
- 兩者擇一
- 關係副詞可以用 prep + 關係詞代替
-
副詞子句
- 表示時間或條件的 C
-
結構
-
副詞子句連接詞 + S + V
- 有時也可 + Ving + p.p.
- 常用的連接詞
- when, before, after, since, while, whenever, unless, until, once
-
表示時間的連接詞
- until/before
- when/as/while/even as
- since/after
- once/as soon as/immediately after
-
用現在式表示未來
- since 常 + 過去式
- 主要子句用現在完成式
-
其他意思
- 因為
- as/since
- 然而
- while
-
表示條件的連接詞
- if/assuming (that), unless, as long as/providing (that)/provided (that)/on condition that/only if
- in case (that), in the event (that)
- 用現在式表示未來
-
表示讓步的連接詞
- although/though/even if/even though, whereas/while
-
表示原因、目的、結果
- because/as/since, now that, in that, so that/in order that, so/such ~ that
- except that/but that
- as if, as though, (just) as
- given that, considering (that)
-
複合關係副詞
-
whenever, wherever, however
- = at any ... = no matter ...
-
whoever, whatever, whichever
- = no matter ...
-
易混淆的 conj (左)與 prep (右)
-
時間
- when, while, by the time, until, after, before, once, as soon as, since
- in, at, during, by, until, following, after, before, prior to, on (upon) Ving, since
-
條件
- unless, in cast (that), in the event (that)
- without, in case of, in the event of
-
讓步
- although, even though, while
- despite, in spite of
-
原因
- beacuse, as, since
- because of, due to
-
目的
- so that ~ can, in order that ~ can
- so as to, in order to Vr
-
除外
- except that, but that
- except (for), but (for)
-
其他
- given that, considering (that)
- given, considering
- whether
- regardless of
- as if, as though
- like
- as
- as
- conj 用在 cl 的開頭, prep 用在 phr 的開頭
-
名詞子句
-
充當 S / O / 補語等
- 連接詞 + S + V
-
that 引導
- 扮演 S / V 的 O / 補語 / 同位語子句
-
adj + that cl
- be
- aware, glad/happy, sure, sorry, convinced, afraid
-
n. + 同位語 cl
- fact, statement, opinion, truth, news, report, idea, (re)assurance, rumor, claim, confirmation
- + that
- 當受詞
-
if / whether
- whether A or B
- whether or not
-
疑問詞
-
who, what, which
- 引導 n. cl 的疑問代名詞
-
whose, what, which
- 修飾後面的 n. + 引導名詞子句
-
when, where, how, why
- 疑問 adv + 完整子句
-
複合關係代名詞
- 引導的子句可當 n. cl., 也可當 adv cl.
- 接沒有 S / O 的不完整子句
-
what / that
-
what -> n. cl
- 接不完整子句
-
that -> n. / adj / adv cl
- (n. cl) 接完整子句
-
比較句型
-
依對象的數目和關係
-
原級
- as adj/adv as, not as ~ as, no so ~ as, as many/much/few/little n. as, the same (n.) as, 用nearly/almost/just修飾
-
比較級
- 兩者之一
- adj/adv than
- less adj/adv than
- more/fewer/less n. than
- the
- more ~, the more ~
- -er of the two
- 用 much, even, still, far, a lot, by far
- than 是關鍵字
- 慣用語
- more than n.
- less than n.
- for a later time, no later than, no longer, no sooner ... than ~, other than, rather than, would rather ... than ~
-
最高級
- + of ... / in ... / that cl
- 前接 the 或 所有格
- 用 by far, quite
- = -er than any other
- = have never/hardly/rarely been - er
- = no other ... / nothing as 原級 as
- = no other ... / nothing -er than
-
對等句型
-
相同詞性或結構
- 單複數跟時態也要一致
- 不定詞並列時,第二個 to 可省略
-
倒裝句型
- 為了強調部分內容,倒置主詞跟動詞的位置
- 假設語氣省略 if 時
- 否定詞放在句首時
- so/neither 在句首時
- only adv 在句首時
- 閱讀
-
聽力
-
Part 1
-
看照片選句子
-
單人照片
- 動作、身體的一部分、人對物的動作;偶爾會是物品狀態或相對位置
- 先掌握人的視線、手勢、姿勢、穿著,再觀察物品
-
兩人以上
- 相互動作、關係、共同動作、顯著動作、座位狀態;偶爾會是物品狀態或相對位置
- 確認共同或個別動作及情境
-
事物風景
- 相對位置、狀態、相關描述
- 掌握事物相對位置或狀態及全貌
-
情境
- 表狀態或表動作
- 時態
- be prep, there be cl., Ving, have p.p., be-V p.p, have been p.p.
- be V, Ving, be being p.p., get/have O p.p.
- 個情境相關的形式
-
陷阱
- 錯誤的描述、照片中沒有的人或物、用錯誤的時態描述、無法從照片判斷的選項、發音或型態相似的單字
-
Part 2
-
聽問題選回答
- 疑問詞是核心
- 沒疑問詞的時候,把握句首助動詞跟be V 把握時態、主詞、動詞
- 間接型回答要把握答案的意圖,或因不知問題而模糊答案
- 注意容易混淆的單字
-
從陷阱選答案
- 重複問題的單字、或發音類似的字
- 同義、多義、相關單字、混淆主詞/時態/引導使用 是/否 回答
- who
- 跟人相關的名詞/職務,都可能是答案
- 用代名詞或「不知道」的也可能是答案
- where
- where + n./v. 的n./v. 很重要
- 表地名或位置的介係詞片語
- when
- 注意主詞跟動詞
- 把握時態
- what
- 注意 S /V./ n.
- which
- 注意 n.
- "the one" 可能是答案
- 以上皆是/r皆非也能是答案
- why
- 注意主詞和動詞
- how
- 注意 S + V, adj / adv
- 問方法或狀態,達數量/頻率/時間的選項通常都是錯的
-
Part 3
-
聽對話選答案
-
先讀問題,再看選項
- 「要做甚麼」的問題,線索通常在對話的最後
- 圖表類的線索可能分散各處,一定要聽完
-
開頭非常重要,問題的對象也是
- 若有過半同性別者的共通點,注意一致贊同的內容
- 邊聽邊拆解子句
-
用詞替換
- 掌握跟設施、地點、交通方式相關的單字
- 聽到關於建議或推薦的問題,注意回答的關鍵內容 (Why don't we/you, I suggest/recommend/advise, you should)
-
Part 4
-
聽獨白選答案
-
按順序聽懂長句子的內容
- 以片語、子句為單位
- 注意 I'm calling to, I want to, I'd like to
- 注意 attention 後面表聽眾的身分或職業
- 注意祈使句
- 注意 will, be going to, after/before, let's/please
- 先確認問題的關鍵字,再聽與其相關的內容
-
常考情境
- 語音留言
- 來電者
- 預約、行程、求職、諮詢、未接來電的回電
- 個人的
- 未接的理由與聯絡方式
- 公司的
- 介紹服務時間與各按鍵對應的內容
- 通知與公告
- 演講
- 解說導覽
- 廣告
- 廣播
- 新聞