1. -Hydrocele is fluid in tonica vaginalis (e.g. -Testicular FNAC or Bx is NEVER done because it is a/w risk of CA spread! -undescended testis (Cryptorchidism) usually descends spontaneously befor the age of 6 months, if not then surgical orchiopexy is needed to prevent torsion, and infertility, but the risk of testicular CA is still slightly higher then normal.
2. hydrocele
   1. infection
      1. epidedmitis
      2. orchitis
   2. truma
   3. Torsion
   4. CA
   5. Subtopic 5
3. enlarged scrutum + feels like a worm bag
   1. Dx. Varicocele
      1. LEFT varicocele
         1. Rx. Surgery is needed to avoid testicular atrophy
      2. Right Varicocele, Bilateral, or if it does not disappear when laying supine
         1. 1st: do Abdominal CT to rule out inferior vena cava obstruction
4. testicular swelling, pain, NO Mass
   1. Pain decrease with elevation of testicles(=Prehn's Sign), usu. Mild to moderate pain
      1. Dx. epididymitis
         1. Inv. Transillumination of testis shows Uni-lateral hydrocele
            1. Rx.men under 35y. Ceftriaxone & doxycycline to cover the MCC is Chlamydia Trachomatis, & 2nd is Gonorrhea,
            2. Rx. older then 35y. and Gay men who have anal sex, Rx. ofloxacin to cover the MCC and coliforms
   2. Moderate to Severe pain
      1. loss of cremasteric reflux, High riding testis
         1. Dx. Testicular Torsion
            1. Inv. Doppler U/S
   3. Hx. Mumps, S/S fever
      1. Dx. Orchitis
5. Painless Mass
   1. Dx. NEED TO r/o Testicular CA
      1. Topic
      2. Inv. I.U/S of testis & Alpha-feto-protein+ Beta-hCG; II. CT of the Abdomen & Pelvis
         1. Fluid-filled OR cystic
            1. less likely to be CA
         2. solid=Still Can not out CA
            1. Radical Inguinal Orchiectomy for Histological Diagnosis
            2. Rx. it is CURABLE if treated before metastasis