1. SYSTEMS THINKING ... offers not only a set of tools but also a framework for looking at issues as systemic wholes ... makes the point that everything - and everyone - is interconnected in an infinitely complex network of systems
2. System Definition
   1. a group of interacting, interrelated, interdependent components that form a complex and unified whole
      1. components
         1. physical objects
         2. intangible
   2. behavior / pattern: a change in externally observable units
   3. structure: internal subsystems or entities interacting with each other
   4. System Levels (Pyramid)
      1. Events
      2. Patterns
      3. Structure
   5. Characteristics of a System
      1. A systems parts must all be present for the system to carry out its purpose optimally
      2. A systems parts must be arranged in a specific way for the system to carry out its purpose
      3. Systems have specific purposes within larger systems
      4. Systems maintain their stability through fluctuations and adjustments
      5. Systems have feedback
3. SYSTEMS THINKING Principles
   1. Thinking the Big Picture
   2. Balancing Short term & Long term perspectives
   3. Recognising dynamic, complex and interdependent nature
   4. Accounting measurable and non-measurable factors
   5. Remember: We are all part of the system with inter-influence
4. Systems Models - Types & Presentation
   1. Types of models
      1. verbal
      2. formal
      3. simulated: produce the shape of system behavior
      4. validated (produces shape + values of the variables
   2. Causal Modelling - formal -
      1. Variables
      2. Links = causal relations between variables
         1. S-type
         2. O-type
      3. Loops = variables influencing them- selves = feedback
         1. Reinforcing feedback
         2. Balancing feedback
   3. System Dynamics - simulated -
      1. variables
         1. stocks (remain values over time)
         2. flows (adjust the value of stocks + / -)
         3. Auxilliaries control the flows
      2. Concept of accumulation & flow to stimulate the action of the variables
      3. Sys. Dyn. builds in time delays inherent in all real systems processes
5. Systems Thinking as a Special Language
   1. Emphasis for looking at the whole
   2. Stresses Interconnectivity
   3. Rather Circular than linear
   4. Precise set of rules
   5. Visual tools
   6. Opens window on mental models