- Buddhism
- Big Issue: how do we know about the pre-Socratics? Fragments & Testimonies... bits n' pieces filtered through agendas.. (Aristotle, Theophrastus, Simplicius, church fathers)
- "Infinite in time & space" (apeiron) that contains our cosmos --> definite things "separate out", initially as COLD/HOT (or endless universes?) --> cyclically generate/destroy in a balance (JUSTICE) /ball of fire w/holes in mist aka stars; earth a drum.
- Infinite Divine Air --> thin, then fire; thick, then wind, cloud, water, earth...; air as fluid, invisible, a "definite stuff," gives rise to the many; earth a "frisbee" riding on air; sun, planets, etc are "fire"; soul = breath (pneuma) --> we are microcosm of cosmos.
- HOMER (Illiad & Odyssey)
- HESIOD (Theogeny)
- Rejected Homeric Gods (too human, just a projection, if Cows...); His God: perfect, not-needy, motionless, bodyless, powerful via thought alone; just "thinks and perceives"; one god?; also skeptical and distinguishes between truth and "good to believe anyway"
- MATHEMATICS
- Theogeny 2
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Socrates
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Plato
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Aristotle
- Epicureans
- Stoics
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Sceptics
- Neo-Platonism
- Early Christianity
- Cyreniacs
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Pre-Socratics
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Thales (M)
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Anaximander (M)
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Anaximenes (M)
- Xenophanes (M-)
- Heraclitus
- Pythagoras (Italy)