1. What is culture?
   1. ● Developed by a particular group of people
      1. ● 由特定人群开发
   2. ● A system of symbolic and expressive structures
      1. ● 符号和表现结构系统
   3. ● To enhance understanding, transmission of knowledge and solidarity
      1. ● 加强理解、知识传播和团结
   4. ● Shapes how we perceive reality
      1. ● 塑造我们感知现实的方式
   5. ● also knowns as CULTURAL RELATIVISM
      1. ● 又称文化相对主义
   6. 流行文化是否被視為藝術？
      1. 傳統上，藝術的定義通常聚焦於繪畫、雕塑和文學等古典形式
         1. 流行文化也可以被視為一種藝術表達形式
            1. 支持
            2. 反映了特定時期的思想、價值觀和美學
            3. 因其創造力、原創性和對社會的影響而受到欣賞
            4. 批評
            5. 由商業利益驅動，缺乏傳統藝術形式所具備的深度、複雜性和持久價值
            6. 棄的或表面的，設計用於娛樂，而不是引發更深層次的思考或反思
   7. ● 什麼或誰決定了流行文化？
      1. 流行文化的形成是由多種因素共同影響而成的。它受到社會、經濟、科技和個人等多種影響因素的塑造。
   8. ● 流行文化從哪裡來？
      1. 流行文化的來源是多方面的。它可以來自於大眾對於娛樂、藝術、音樂、電影、電視劇等的需求和追求。同時，流行文化也受到商業媒體、社交媒體、網絡平台和流行文化產業的影響。
   9. ● 流行文化是由人民自己作為他們的興趣和體驗方式的自主表達，還是由掌握權力的人從上方強加的一種社會控制方式？
      1. 流行文化的形成既有來自人民自發的表達，也有來自權力擁有者的推動。有時，流行文化可以是人民自己從下方興起的表達，反映他們的價值觀、利益和經驗。然而，也有時候，流行文化可能受到上層權力機構的推動和控制，用作社會控制的一種方式。
   10. ● 流行文化是從人民“下方”興起的嗎？
       1. 流行文化的興起可以是來自人民的自下而上的力量。它可以反映普通人的生活、價值觀和興趣，並通過媒體和社交平台的傳播而得到廣泛認可。人們通過參與和消費流行文化，對其進行塑造和發展。因此，流行文化可以被視為人民自下而上的表達和創造。
2. Cinema, the revolution
   1. projection of images using a celluloid
      1. Early cinema(1890):
         1. Cinema of attractions
            1. ○ 被视为新奇或好奇，享有与戏剧魔术师产生的幻象无异的地位
            2. ○ 该影片没有在剧院放映，而是在游乐场和展览中放映
            3. ○ 后来的店面剧院或五分钱影院（通常只需支付 5 美分硬币即可在一段时间内观看演出）
         2. Jukebox and Peep Show
         3. Service of Science
            1. understand the dynamics of human and animal motion in particular
      2. Lumiere brothers
         1. first to project films for a public
            1. The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station
         2. 1895, The Lumiere brothers showed the first short film in Paris
      3. 1896, Thomas Edison invented the Vitascope
         1. capable of large-screen projection
      4. 1903, The Great Train Robbery
         1. gained popularity and indicated that era of movie culture was about to come
            1. Why was The Great Train Robbery a milestone of filmmaking?
            2. 首次敘事電影
            3. 技術創新
            4. 多個攝影機進行不同角度的拍攝
            5. 後期剪輯中將它們組合起來
            6. 特殊效果
            7. 旋轉攝影
            8. 鏡頭切換
            9. 剪輯技巧
            10. 創新的故事結構
            11. 將劇情分為多個場景，展示了不同的情節和角色
            12. 結構的創新為後來的電影發展奠定了基礎
      5. 1910s, Silent films became POPULAR
         1. first movie CELEBRITIES were born
      6. 1920s, Studios
         1. were established
      7. 1927, the first “talkie” movie with the advent of soundtrack
         1. Jazz Singer was out
      8. 1947, Radio started to lose audiences to television
      9. 1950s, television became a dominant medium
      10. 1980s, most household had colour television sets
3. Purposes of films
   1. ● Film as a reflection of a possible reality
   2. ● Film as a space of creativity and imagination
      1. ○ Escapism
      2. ○ Entertainment
      3. ○ Education (Raise awareness of sth)
      4. ○ Convey emotion to the viewers
4. Film Language
   1. Visual
      1. shot
         1. (extreme wide/long shot極遠景)
         2. 遠景 ( wide/long shot)
         3. 全身景 (full shot)
         4. 中景 (medium shot)
         5. 景過肩鏡頭 (medium shot) (over-the-shoulder shot)
         6. 特寫/近景 (close-up)
         7. 大特寫 (extreme close-up)
         8. 長鏡頭 (long take)
            1. Long take using a handheld camera
      2. angle
         1. 低角度(low angle)
         2. 水平視線鏡頭(eye-level)
         3. 高角度(high angle)
         4. 主觀鏡頭(POV, Point-of-view)
         5. 鳥瞰鏡頭(birds-eye)
         6. 傾斜角度(Oblique angle)
      3. camera movement
         1. 1. 手提/手持式(hand-held)
         2. 2. 推軌鏡頭(track/ dolly shot)
         3. 3. 上移(tilt up)
         4. 4. 下移(tilt down)
         5. 5. 橫移(pan)
         6. 6. 左移(pan left)
         7. 7. 右移(pan right)
         8. 8. 拉大(zoom in)
         9. 9. 拉小(zoom out)
         10. 10. DOLLY+ZOOM
             1. 也被稱為「變焦拍攝」、「希區考克變焦」，是一種將推車運動與變焦鏡頭結合的特定攝影技巧。在這種技巧中，攝影機同時進行推車運動和焦距變化。通過拉近或拉遠變焦鏡頭的同時，攝影機移動的距離與變焦的速度相對應，從而在畫面中創造出一種視覺效果。這種技巧常用於表達角色的情感變化、強調主題或營造戲劇張力。
         11. 11. DOLLY
             1. 是指將整個攝影機放在一個有輪子的平台上，進行攝影機的移動。這種移動可以讓攝影機平穩地跟蹤或追隨一個主題，或在場景中創造出運動的感覺。它可以提供一個更動感的視角，或在攝影機從主體靠近或遠離的過程中向觀眾揭示新的信息。
      4. composition
      5. editing
         1. 切接(cut)
         2. 淡入(fade in)
         3. 淡出(fade out)
         4. 溶接(dissolve)
         5. 疊接(overlap)
         6. 跳接(jump cut)
         7. 平衡剪接(parallel edit)
         8. 蒙太奇(Montage)
            1. 電影語言中的「蒙太奇」（montage）是一種編輯技巧，用於將多個片段或場景連接在一起，以創造出新的意義、情感或故事進展。蒙太奇通常通過快速的影像剪輯、視覺效果、音樂和聲音設計等手段來實現。
            2. 蒙太奇的目的是通過編輯和組合不同的影像元素，以創造出獨特的節奏、強烈的情感效果或強調特定的主題。它可以用來表達時間的流逝、人物的內心狀態、故事的發展或者傳達隱含的象徵意義。蒙太奇在電影中被廣泛使用，從早期的無聲電影到現代的電影作品都可以看到其應用。
            3. 蒙太奇的效果和意義取決於編輯的方式、影像的選擇、節奏的掌握以及其在整體電影結構中的位置。它是一種強大的創作工具，可以對觀眾產生強烈的視覺和情感衝擊，同時也能夠啟發觀眾對影像和故事的思考。
   2. Audio
      1. ● Dialogue
      2. ● Narration
      3. ● Music: foreground
      4. music; background music
      5. ● Sound: sound from the environment
      6. ● diegetic music/ sound 叙事音乐
      7. ● non-diegetic music/ 非叙事音乐
      8. sound
5. MOTIF
   1. Skill
   2. object
   3. theme
   4. repeatedly shown
   5. used in the video,
      1. physical thing
      2. colour,
      3. place
      4. sound or
      5. music
6. common ways to start a film
   1. Title card
   2. 滾動字幕
7. Genre
   1. ○ Action
   2. ○ Adventure
   3. ○ Comedy
   4. ○ Crime
   5. ○ Drama
   6. ○ Horror
   7. ○ Historical
   8. ○ Musicals
   9. ○ Romance
   10. ○ Sci-Fi
       1. ■ Sub-genre: Alien, Alternative universes, Cyberpunk, AI etc
          1. first feature-length sci-fi film
             1. Metropolis (1927) by Fritz Lang
             2. ● Marxist Theory
             3. ● Rich and poor
             4. ● Resources problems
             5. ● Advanced technology
             6. ● Exploitation
             7. ● Different status = different life
       2. Roles of sci-fi films
          1. 现实的镜像
          2. 畅想未来； 沉思过去
          3. 对我们目前的状况进行批判性和反思性的审视
          4. ● Imagined worlds hold an immense usefulness for a symptomatic analysis of the present (Barton Palmer)
          5. ● Human or Humanity is always the start of all disaster (exploration of technology, global warming etc)
       3. mixed with horror and sci-fi
          1. neither death nor destruction
             1. dehumanization 去人性化
       4. Common theme of sci-fi
          1. Alien Invasion
             1. Alien series (from 1979)
             2. Prometheus (2011)
             3. ● Relationship between human and God/creator vs creation
             4. ● Does god exist?
             5. ● Why are we here?
             6. ● Religion
       5. Cyberpunk
          1. High tech, low life
          2. • Run-down inner city (Cyberpunk) – overcrowded, trashed; 破败的内城（赛博朋克）—过度拥挤、垃圾遍地
          3. • Lack of identity – ethnic and cultural mixture and confusion; 缺乏认同感——种族和文化混乱
          4. • Street dynamics – chaotic, constant construction and destruction 街道动态——混乱、不断的建设和破坏
          5. – Oversized skyscrapers 超大摩天大楼
          6. – old broken buildings (bradbury building, romanesque revival architecture) 破旧的建筑
          7. – stylish pyramid (Tyrell’s building)
          8. – billboards 广告牌
          9. – neon lights
          10. – back alley
          11. – exposed brass and copper pipes
          12. – wire
          13. – bursts of steam 蒸汽爆发
          14. – costume (oil paper umbrella with neon light stick, rice hat, plastic coat etc)
          15. – Rain and air pollution 雨水和空气污染
          16. a subgenre of science fiction
              1. future setting.
              2. breakdown or radical change in the social order
              3. David Ketterer
       6. Other example
          1. Monsters and Mutants
          2. Post apocalypse 后启示录
          3. Multi universe, parallel universe, other dimensions
          4. Outer Space and technology
          5. Psychological Sci-Fi film:
          6. Time or Space Travel, time loop
          7. Virtual Reality
          8. Near future
          9. DocuDrama or Mockumentary
             1. presented in documentary style
             2. parody 戏仿
             3. Can be
             4. comedic
             5. dramatic
   11. ○ Supernatural
   12. Theres' mixed genre
       1. Action comedy
       2. Romance+Musical
8. Freak Show
   1. history
      1. Famous ones: make money
         1. Fetuses in jars
         2. deformed animal and human
      2. 18th century
         1. some naturalists toured Europe and North America
            1. unique/exotic animal
      3. 1841
         1. American Museum in New York City
            1. Golden Age” of the freak show
      4. 20th century
         1. Major decline in popularity
            1. People started to know more
            2. Attractions and amusements like advanced roller-coaster a
            3. People realised it wasn’t appropriate
            4. show performer were dehumanised
            5. Activists of the disability rights movement
         2. Truth?
            1. Some performer were not even people with disabilities
            2. There are still ‘freak show’ in some countries
   2. what kind of people would be put in the spotlight
      1. Why ppl would be interest?
         1. we externalise
            1. Prejudice
            2. revulsion
            3. anxiety
            4. desire
            5. jealousy
            6. On freaks
            7. representations in films and televisions play such important role
         2. We project representations of the repressed elements
            1. Are we watching/creating something to make sure that WE are definitely not THEM?
         3. Taboo in reality; attractions in films?
            1. Problematic relationship?
            2. Problematic relationship?
            3. Lolita (literature) and movie adaptation
   3. We watch films to be amused and laugh
      1. WE are definitely not THEM?
   4. Types
      1. Problematic relationship
         1. Lolita (literature) and movie adaptation
   5. If this turns into adversity
      1. disloyalty to family
      2. gay love
      3. destroy masculinity by smearing cowboy culture
   6. It has it own use in society
      1. police the boundaries of normative ideals.
         1. Impact of Brokeback Mountain(2005)
            1. 2012, America president announced his support for marriage equality and also 3 states approved marriage equality by voter
   7. It is good when
      1. just about two gay men falling in love, but to deal with a homophobic society
         1. also about homophobia within the characters themselves
      2. Questioning the “traditions”
         1. ○ Cowboy culture and masculinity
         2. ○ Manhood
         3. ○ Our culture of intolerance to the “unknown” / “minority”
         4. ○ Homophobia (if gay is unacceptable, why is a phobia/hatefulness acceptable?)
9. Identity construction and theories in Film
   1. What is identity? 什么是身份
      1. ● Name?
      2. ● Gender?
      3. ● Race?
      4. ● Sexuality?
      5. ● Nationality?
      6. relatively stable
      7. role-specific
      8. understandings and expectations about self
      9. James D. Fearon
         1. Social
            1. how you’re identified in a group
            2. how you’re related to the others
            3. how you see yourself as a member of a group
         2. Personal
            1. how you feel about yourself
            2. ownership within yourself
            3. distinguish yourself from other people
   2. Role theory
      1. think of ourselves as “actor”
         1. Role behavior
            1. Will change depending on
            2. ○ Rules in society
            3. ○ Norms
   3. Self-Identity and crisis
      1. Identity
         1. 发展自我身份同时尽量融入社会
            1. Usually, in teenage year
      2. Diffusion
         1. socially disconnected
         2. cut-off from the world around them
         3. conversely, develop an exaggerated sense of their own importance (bad behaviour or even mental disorder) 相反，夸大自己的重要性（不良行为）
      3. Intimacy VS isolation
         1. 能够在给予爱和支持与接受爱和支持之间取得相互平衡
         2. 学习发展和维持家庭之外的亲密友谊
         3. If failed
            1. 孤僻和自足
            2. Or becoming very needy
            3. dependent and vulnerable
   4. constructing identity, what is related to film?
      1. strong connection between movies, psychiatry, thought, and emotions
         1. dreamwork relates to film and applies the analysis of character to cinema; when people study cinema, they study themselves
            1. cinema screen as the other mirror
         2. Video therapy
            1. creating their own films
            2. view the video with the therapist
            3. interpret the meaning
            4. To reflect upon themselves
      2. Road movie
         1. LEAVING HOME for a mission is also one of the element
         2. Things NEVER go as planned
         3. Landscape in the Mist (1988)
         4. Self-discovery, altering view from their typical daily life
            1. ROAD is one of the character in the story
            2. Character will always be on the road, even by the end of the story, they will always on a move and never stay
10. Adaptation and Film
    1. What is adaptation?
       1. stealing and borrowing from an existed work and make something new
          1. Version
             1. 版本
          2. variation
             1. 变化
          3. interpretation
             1. 解释
          4. continuation
             1. 延续
          5. transformation
             1. 转型
          6. imitation
             1. 模仿
          7. pastiche
             1. 仿作
          8. parody
             1. 戏仿
          9. forgery
             1. 伪造
          10. travesty
              1. 嘲讽
          11. transposition
              1. 换位
          12. revaluation
              1. 重估
          13. revision
              1. 修订
          14. rewriting
              1. 重写
          15. echo
              1. 回声
          16. Involved in or mtivation to produce behind
              1. offering commentary
              2. 提供评论
              3. Providing a revised point of view
              4. 提供修正的观点
              5. adding hypothetical motivation
              6. 添加假设动机
              7. pointing out what is silenced or marginalized
              8. 什么被压制或边缘化
              9. OR just trying to make the text ‘relevant’ again
              10. easily comprehensible to new audiences
              11. 或者只是想让文本再次变得“相关”
    2. What can be made into adaptation?
       1. autobiography
       2. comic books
       3. scriptures
       4. plays
       5. historical sources
       6. novel
       7. video games
    3. When did it start
       1. since 19th Century
          1. Cinema as a big market
             1. Always aim at the largest possible audience
             2. As businessman, we want to play safe
             3. plays and novels of the 19th century...therefore...
             4. people hate to try new things
             5. 人们讨厌尝试新事物
             6. （并非总是如此，但大多数人讨厌适应新文化）
    4. approaches
       1. Transposition直接改編
          1. 直接从小说翻译成电影，干扰最小，类似于直接复制
       2. Commentary 自由改編
          1. 改编作品遵循原著，但故意改变了小说中的元素
       3. Analogy主題改編
          1. 与原作的进一步偏离，使电影可以被视为一件单独的艺术品
    5. What should be consider
       1. Treat the practice as creative playground
          1. thought to throw away or?
       2. origin text itself and how audience further interpretate it (double-coded) 双重解码
       3. Linda Hutcheon
          1. ○ maintains story and setting
          2. a creative and an interpretative act of appropriation/salvaging
             1. ○ For example, updating of Shakespeare's work to the present day and culture
       4. 作家盗用原文的情况并不少见
          1. ○ 利用它们来满足自己的需求
          2. ○ 提取原始戏剧材料并从中进行雕刻
    6. 「忠於原著」?
       1. ● A standard?
       2. ● A rule?
       3. ● Good
          1. ○ It depends!
          2. Remove the flaw that the original text has
          3. Remove the unnecessary things from the original text that would not be presented well visually
          4. Foreshadow the important events
          5. Stress and strengthen the theme
       4. ○ Remember, there must be people who have read the original text and also the ones who have not
          1. ○ 100% true ≠ good film
    7. The effect of transposition 换位效果
       1. 将其主题和思想引入当今，与原作进行生动的比较
    8. ● Recontextualisation
       1. ○ 与文学改编有明显区别：文本的重新演绎可以保持对口语的忠实——文本的文学品质； 但利用表演的可塑性和三维性质来改变其意义
11. Intertextuality
    1. 文本互涉性（Intertextuality）是指在一個文本中與其他文本之間的相互關聯和相互影響的現象。它強調了文本之間的連結和互動，認為沒有一個文本是獨立存在的，每個文本都是在其他文本的基礎上建構出來的。
       1. 文本互涉性體現了文學作品或其他文本的網絡性質。透過引用、重述、暗示或對先前文本的回應，一個文本可以與其他文本進行對話、互相參照和相互解釋。這種互涉性使得讀者能夠通過對其他文本的知識和理解來更好地理解和詮釋特定的文本。
       2. 文本互涉性的概念強調了文本的多重意義和文本之間的連續性。它使得一個文本可以成為其他文本的解讀框架或延伸，同時也讓讀者參與到文本的創造和解讀過程中。
       3. 文本互涉性的概念通常應用於文學研究和文學批評中，但它也可以應用於其他領域，如電影、藝術和流行文化等。通過理解文本互涉性，我們可以更深入地探究文本的意義、創作背景和文化價值。
    2. A text is always an intertext, a part of a network of other texts
       1. ● As everything is said before
       2. ● There is no original
          1. ○ Meaning can be differed because of the second text
             1. ○ 由于第二个文本，含义可能有所不同
          2. ○ The second text can add commentary to the original text
             1. ○ 第二段文字可以对原文添加注释
       3. ● 读者有自己的解读
    3. The death of the author 「作者之死」
       1. 法國文學理論家羅蘭·巴特（Roland Barthes）於1967年提出的一個概念
       2. 讀者的解讀和理解比作者的意圖更為重要
       3. 一旦一個作品被創作出來，作者的意圖和背景就不再是唯一解釋該作品的依據
       4. 作品的意義並不是由作者的意圖所決定的
          1. 是由讀者根據他們自己的背景、觀點和經驗進行解讀和詮釋的結果
          2. 作品是開放的、多義的，並且可以被不同的讀者以不同的方式理解和詮釋
          3. 倡了一種讀者中心的觀點
    4. Examples
       1. Stand by me and strange things
    5. Changes of meaning by layering
       1. ○ 二次文本，例如演播室宣传、新闻专题或批评，或观众自己以致新闻界信件的形式制作的三次文本
12. Women in Cinema
    1. History and women
       1. World War I and World War II
       2. Back in the day, it was ‘cool’ to have a female lead but never a must.
    2. Film Noir 黑暗电影
       1. Inspired by German Expressionism
          1. 受到德国表现主义的启发
       2. A stylish hollywood crime dramas,not particularly have to be cops/criminal
          1. 一部时尚的好莱坞犯罪剧，不是特别
          2. 必须是警察/罪犯
       3. ● Characters will not be categorised as the good guy or the bad guy; ambiguous
          1. ● 角色不会被区分为好人或坏人； 模糊的
       4. ● Express sexual motivations(femme fatale and also capitalism)
          1. ● 表达性动机（蛇蝎美人，还有资本主义）
       5. ● 1940s to the late 1950s
       6. ● Low-key lighting, hard shadow, black-and-white (German Expressionism)
          1. ● 低调灯光、硬阴影、黑白（德国表现主义）
       7. ● Explore the complex emotions within a person
          1. ● 探索一个人内心复杂的情感
       8. ● during the Depression, people’s mind changed (money driven)
          1. ● 大萧条期间，人们的想法发生了变化（金钱驱动）
       9. Topic
          1. ● Sin/lawless area
             1. ● 罪恶/无法无天的地区
          2. ● Old: crime ; Now: crime/comedy/cowboy
             1. ● 旧：犯罪； 现在：犯罪/喜剧/牛仔
          3. ● Side characters are not that important
             1. ● 配角没那么重要
          4. ● All the absurdity and setting: expression of the main characters’ minds
             1. ● 一切荒诞与设定：主角内心的表达
          5. ● Moody
          6. ● mysteriousness , destiny, sin, unbalanceness
             1. ● 神秘、命运、罪恶、不平衡
          7. ● No one is really innocent; no one is completely evil
             1. ● 没有人是真正无辜的； 没有人是完全邪恶的
          8. ● Time and location: night time and back alley
             1. ● 时间地点：夜间、后巷
       10. Women in it
           1. Femme fatale 蛇蝎美人
              1. attractive in a mysterious way
              2. 以一种神秘的方式吸引人
              3. leading men into danger or causing their destruction
    3. Women in movies: Dumb blonde 愚蠢的金发女郎
       1. considered as attractive and wanted in European culture
       2. beauty
       3. sexy
       4. blonde have more fun
       5. less intelligent
    4. images in cinema
       1. Fragment of the body
          1. 身体的碎片
       2. The view of the male characters
    5. Melodrama: ‘girl movie’?
       1. ● A lot of weeping
       2. ● Dramatic
       3. ● Emotional (both the plots and the effect to the audience)
       4. ● Focus on dialogue more
       5. ● Sentimental > action
       6. ● Characters are usually stereotypes
       7. ● Topics are usually about romantic relationships and family
       8. ● There are always some ‘villain’
    6. Stereotype?
13. Music and film
    1. Music in Cinema History
       1. ● Histories of classical music: music notation
       2. ● Popular music: recorded performances
       3. end of 1929
          1. 60+ musical(talkie) films made
       4. 30s-50s, musicals dominated the big screen
          1. ○ More budget
          2. ○ More people
          3. ○ Better music
          4. ○ Celebrity
          5. ○ Dancing and Singing
          6. ○ Story
          7. ○ And more!
       5. 40-60s, the golden age
          1. Bollywood(bombay+Hollywood)
             1. Used to be called Bombay, now Mumbai
    2. 电影音乐通常以作曲家创作的乐谱开始
    3. Uses of music in films
       1. make you be aware of the unspoken words
          1. force you to read between lines
       2. ○ Describing movement
          1. ○ 描述动作
       3. ○ Stressing relationship
          1. ○ 强调关系
       4. ○ Creating mood/atmosphere
          1. ○ 营造气氛
       5. ○ Portrayal of emotions
          1. ○ 情感描写
       6. ○ Cultural reference
          1. ○ 文化参考
       7. ○ time/era reference
          1. ○ 时间/时代参考
       8. ○ Connecting scenes or montage
          1. ○ 连接场景或蒙太奇
       9. ○ Manipulative
          1. ○ 操控性
       10. ○ Character development
           1. ○ 性格发展
       11. Describing movement and personalities
           1. 尚气
    4. “Wrong” music?
       1. I Want Candy from Marie Antoinette (2006)
       2. Buddy Holly - Everyday
       3. everyday
    5. Types of music used in films
       1. Existed soundtrack
       2. Original film score/song
       3. Theme song
          1. ● Usually in the intro or openning credit, ending credit
          2. ● Sometimes, it appears (again) at the climax of the film
          3. ● Signaling the audience that the film is about to start
          4. ● Setting the mood of the film
          5. ● Being a motif
          6. ● Summarizing the film
       4. Ambience and room tone
          1. creates atmosphere
       5. Foreground music/sound ; Background music/sound 前景音樂/音效
          1. 旨在吸引觀眾的注意力，並在場景中增強故事表達或創造特定的氛圍
          2. 包括背景配樂
14. Hong Kong Cinema
    1. Hong Kong Cinema history
       1. ● Cantonese dominated
       2. ● ‘Cantonese Opera’
       3. 粵語長片
       4. still silent movies produced around 30s
       5. 40s, Cantonese Opera was so successful and popular
          1. Biggest stars: Yam Kim Fai and Pak Suet Sin 任剑辉和白雪仙
       6. 1968-1972, disappearance of the Cantonese cinema
          1. due to the riot in 1967
       7. 1973, a movie called ‘The House of 72 Tenants’ making a great comeback of the Cantonese cinema
       8. former Shaw Brothers executives left to form a new studio, Golden Harvest
          1. sign Bruce Lee
             1. Golden Harvest: ‘The Big Boss’ 唐山大兄 (1971)
             2. Golden Harvest: ‘Fist of Fury’ 精武門 (1972)
          2. Shaws still produced a lot of films in the 70s
             1. Golden Harvest became the top studio
             2. Kung Fu/Martial art action movies were HUGE
             3. finished his 2-year contract
             4. created his own company
       9. ● 80s-90s, blooming time of Hong Kong Cinema
          1. Not just in Cantonese-speaking region but gaining international attention
          2. 香港與賀歲片 Hong Kong and Chinese New Year Film
             1. ● Stress-free entertainment, all-age ratings
             2. ● Not exactly about Chinese New year
       10. (90s- )
           1. Not doing well…
              1. Asian financial crisis and overproduction
              2. video piracy throughout Asia
              3. Hollywood cinema coming back
       11. Co-production with Mainland China
    2. Stephen Chow and Postmodernism
       1. What is postmodernism?
          1. 怀疑论
             1. 20世紀中期興起的一種運動
             2. 對宏大敘事和普世真理持懷疑態度
             3. 著重於自我反思
             4. 諷刺以及不同風格
             5. 混合和並置來自不同歷史時期、文化參照和藝術學科的元素
             6. 戰了對藝術的單一、權威解釋的觀念
             7. ● playful aesthetic and visual style
             8. ● Making commentary on culture and social
             9. ● Deconstructing the existed genre
             10. 美不是必须的
             11. 讽刺
             12. ● 指出事物中被忽视的地方以及它们之间的关系、新发明、新比较
             13. Never typical hero, always the weirdo/bizarre people
       2. How did Stephen Chow demonstrate all of those things in his film?
          1. Nonsense (無厘頭)
             1. ○ No logic between events and the set up;
             2. ○ Out of your expectation
15. Selling Fear and Excitement: Horror film
    1. Definition of horror
       1. ● 兼具娛樂和藝術性的結合，旨在引發恐懼、厭惡和恐怖等情緒
       2. ● 使用幻想、神話、都市傳說作為故事背景
       3. ● 利用電影藝術技巧的場景來震撼觀眾（在視覺和心理上）
       4. ● 包含被視為「惡夢」的素材：暴力、殘忍、血腥
       5. ● 深入探索人性/心理中被禁忌的方面
       6. ● 恐怖片中還有一些子類型
       7. Combining the above points:
       8. ● 結合娛樂與藝術，力求喚起觀眾的恐懼、厭惡和恐怖情緒
       9. ● 使用幻想、神話、都市傳說作為故事背景
       10. ● 利用電影藝術技巧的場景來以視覺和心理方式震撼觀眾
       11. ● 包含被視為「惡夢」的素材：暴力、殘忍、血腥
       12. ● 深入探索人性/心理中被禁忌的方面
       13. ● 恐怖片中還有一些子類型
    2. difference between horror and thriller
       1. 恐怖片的威胁 故事更加明显
          1. 视觉上使观众感到厌恶和恐惧
       2. 惊悚片往往让观众对悬念感到紧张
          1. 看不见威胁的情况下也会感到焦虑和紧张
             1. 对情节的转折感到惊讶。
    3. Inspiration behind
       1. ● Real life story/History
       2. ● Myth
       3. ● Urban legend
       4. ● Folktale story
       5. ● Religion
       6. ● Fiction
       7. ● Psychological horror
    4. History of Horror film
       1. 1900s
          1. Not just tricks or doing experiments
          2. ● Uses of technique
          3. ● A complete storyline
          4. ● Adaptation of famous horror story
       2. 1920s - German expressionism
          1. ● Literature, theatre, painting
          2. Weimar Republic
             1. Nazi regime
             2. magine the situation, how would you express yourself?
          3. “奇怪”、“荒谬”
    5. Common themes in Horror film
       1. Murder and Escape
       2. fear of nature
          1. 大白鲨
       3. ● Psychology and human nature
          1. psycho
       4. Horror + Sci-fi
       5. Supernatural and religion
          1. 鬼修女
       6. Myths
       7. slenderman
       8. ● Goth and vampires
          1. ○ 宗教
          2. ○ 诱惑
          3. ○ 贪婪
          4. ○ 爱
          5. ○ 美容
          6. ○ 性行为
          7. ○ 人性：好/坏
       9. ● Man-made creature/unknown creature
          1. 异形
       10. ● Torture
       11. Dehumanization
       12. ● Tragedy
           1. ○ Mental health
           2. ○ Bully
           3. ○ Puberty
       13. Cult movie (Cult片)
           1. ● An amount of following(fan)
           2. ● Low budget
           3. ● Defamilisation
           4. ● Underground culture
           5. Cult片通常挑戰主流觀念，涵蓋各種類型，包括恐怖片、科幻片、喜劇和地下或獨立電影。它們可能最初在院線上映時受到限制，或者未獲得廣泛的評論讚譽，但通過口碑、午夜場次或家庭視頻發行而獲得了流行。
           6. Cult movie（Cult片）指的是那些擁有忠實且熱情的影迷群體的電影，通常是擁有小而忠實的追隨者。這些電影通常具有獨特或非傳統的特質，吸引特定的觀眾群體，他們欣賞電影獨特的風格、主題或獨特的地位。
           7. 這些電影可能具有非傳統的敘事技巧、顛覆性的主題或具有爭議性的元素，挑戰社會常規。它們通常具有低成本的製作價值、滑稽的美學或一種俗套感。Cult片通常具有一種「糟到好」的品質，吸引那些欣賞它們獨特魅力並享受觀影體驗的觀眾。
           8. Cult片的吸引力在於它們能夠 resonat with 一小部分觀眾群體，並在影迷之間創造一種共同體感。它們通常具有引人注目的台詞、令人難忘的角色或具有標誌性的場景，這些元素成為流行文化的一部分。Cult片可以啟發影迷俱樂部、大會或互動體驗，讓熱愛者們聚集在一起，共同慶祝和討論他們最喜愛的電影。
    6. Producing
       1. 自然主義電影製作：使用手持攝影機和現有光線。
       2. 不顯眼的電影製作：避免場景的設置或指導，讓事件自然展開，讓主題在沒有干擾的情況下行動和表現。
       3. 即興性：捕捉未計劃或即興的時刻，反映現實生活的不可預測性。
       4. 長鏡頭：在真實時間內播放，不頻繁切換或編輯，以增強身臨其境和真實感，讓觀眾獲得更直接和原始的體驗。
       5. 手持攝影機：讓電影製作者可以自由移動並從不同角度捕捉事件，創造出即時性和親密感。
       6. 簡約主義方法：捕捉主題的真實性，而不用華麗的攝影技巧或後期製作效果來修飾。
       7. 以真實人物為主題：通常以普通人或非專業演員作為主題，捕捉他們真實的經歷和情感，提供一扇了解他們生活和所處世界的窗口。
       8. 社會與政治參與：探索社會和政治問題，旨在揭示世界的現實情況，引發批判性思考和討論。
       9. Techniques that are used in horror films
          1. ● Camera (audience eyes) / cinematography
             1. ○ Manipulate our perception
             2. ○ Force us to see the unwanted
             3. ○ Let us be aware of the unspoken
             4. ○ Seeing in the smoke
             5. Placement of the camera
             6. ● Character and audience smaller (in power position)
             7. ● Making the ‘horror’ even more intimidating
             8. ● 让“恐怖”变得更加令人生畏
             9. ● Use of oblique angle
             10. ● 斜角的运用
             11. ● Force you to observe
             12. ● 强迫你观察
             13. Use of light and shadow
             14. Use of close-up
             15. ● 陌生化
             16. ● 你的眼睛不习惯看到这样的东西
          2. ● music /ambience
          3. ● Props
          4. ● Makeup
          5. CGI
16. 總結
    1. particular set of characteristics
    2. style
17. “Freak Show” is a safe place for you to observe BUT IN A SAFE DISTANCE
18. 動機（Motif）是指在文學、藝術或音樂作品中反覆出現的元素、主題或模式。它可以是一個形象、符號、物件、觀念，甚至是特定的詞語或音樂片段。動機通常具有象徵性或主題性的意義，並對作品的整體意義或訊息做出貢獻。 在文學中，動機可以是一個重複出現的符號或形象，代表著特定的想法或概念。例如，"旅程"的動機可以象徵個人成長或轉變。在藝術中，動機可能是一個反覆出現的視覺元素或構圖，傳達特定的情緒或主題。在音樂中，動機可以是一個短小的旋律或節奏模式，被反覆使用並發展。