1. 人稱代名詞 ＆ 格變化
   1. 「人稱代名詞」因不同使用時機而有不同「格」，亦即「主格」、「受格」和「所有格」
   2. 所有格
      1. 表達「～的」：我的﹑你的﹑你們的﹑他們的...
   3. 格變化
      1. 主格
         1. I
         2. you
         3. he she it
         4. they
         5. we
         6. you
      2. 受格
         1. me
         2. you
         3. him her it
         4. us
         5. you
         6. them
      3. 所有格
         1. my
         2. your
         3. his her its
         4. our
         5. your
         6. their
      4. 所有代名詞 (所有格+名詞)
         1. mime
         2. yours
         3. his hers its
         4. ours
         5. yours
         6. theirs
   4. 主格
      1. 作為句子的主詞 (S)
      2. My son is only three months old. He can't speak.
         1. 我的兒子才三個月大。他還不會說話
         2. He 為句子的主格，亦代表前句的 My son
   5. 受格
      1. 作為句子的受詞 (O)。放在句子動詞 V﹑介系詞 prep 後面
      2. Sally failed her final exam. I'm pretty worried about her.
         1. Sally 期末考不及格。我很擔心她。
         2. her 代表前面提過的名詞，因放在介係詞後面，所以用受格
      3. Today is my dad's birthday. I took him to a fancy restaurant.
         1. 今天是我爸生日。我帶他去一間精緻的餐廳。
         2. him 代表前面提過的名詞，因放在動詞後面，所以用受格
      4. John gave them apples.
         1. them 為受格
   6. 所有格
      1. 表達「某人的所有權」，後面接名詞
      2. I really like their clothes.
      3. 單數名詞所有格後面加「's」
         1. the girl's doll
      4. 複數名詞所有格在「s」的主格後面加「'」
         1. those girls' dolls
   7. 所有代名詞
      1. 代替文章提過的事物，表示「所有格 + 名詞」
      2. I lost my textbook. Can you lend me yours?
         1. yours 就是 your textbook 的代名詞，避免名詞 textbook 的重複
      3. This is my book. → The book is mine.
2. be 動詞
   1. 人稱代名詞使用的動詞，表示「是～」
   2. S + beV
   3. I am happy.
   4. you are a dog.
   5. 否定句
      1. S + beV + not
      2. You are not a dog.
      3. John is not busy.
   6. 疑問句
      1. beV + S + ~ + ?
      2. Are you happy?
         1. Yes, I am.
         2. No, I'm not.
      3. Is John busy today?
         1. Yes, he is.
         2. No, he isn't.
3. 一般動詞
   1. be 動詞以外的動詞稱為一般動詞，隨著主詞人稱﹑複數等不同而變化
   2. 主詞 (S) 為第一人稱﹑第二人稱﹑複數
      1. 使用原形動詞 (RV)
   3. I play baseball.
      1. I 為第一人稱，play 則為一般原形動詞
   4. We speak English.
      1. We 為複數，speak 則為一般原形動詞
   5. 主詞 (S) 為第三人稱「單數」(he, she, it)
      1. 使用 + s/es/ies
   6. He plays baseball.
   7. John goes to school.
   8. He Studies English.
   9. 否定句
      1. 主詞 (S) 為第一人稱﹑第二人稱﹑複數時，使用 don't
         1. S + do not (don't) + RV
      2. They don't speak English.
      3. he doesn't speak English.
      4. 主詞 (S) 為第三人稱「單數」，使用 doesn't
         1. S + does not (doesn't) + RV
      5. He doesn't speak English.
   10. 疑問句
       1. 主詞 (S) 為第一人稱﹑第二人稱﹑複數
          1. Do + S + RV + ?
       2. Do you live in Taipei?
          1. Yes, I do.
          2. No, I don't.
       3. 主詞 (S) 為第三人稱「單數」
          1. Does + S + RV + ?
       4. Does he speak English?
          1. Yes, he does.
          2. No, he doesn't.
       5. Does this dog run fast?
          1. Yes, it does.
          2. No it doesn't.
   11. 備註
       1. have +s 為「has」
4. 祈使句
   1. 命令人去做某事～
   2. 以 RV 開頭，沒有主詞
   3. Study hard.
      1. Study 為原形動詞 (RV)
   4. Be kind to your friends.
      1. be 動詞原形是 be
   5. 否定句
      1. Don't + RV
      2. Don't play here.
   6. 禮貌句
      1. Please + RV
      2. RV + ~ , please.
      3. Please be quiet.
      4. Please open the door.
      5. Open the door, please.
   7. 邀請句
      1. Let's + RV
      2. Let's go on a picnic.
      3. Let's sing a song together.
         1. Yes, let's.
         2. No, let's not.
5. 詞性
   1. 冠詞
      1. a/an (不定冠詞)
         1. 指名詞是明確指出的某個特定的事物， 第一次出現的單數可數名詞，表示不特定的人﹑地﹑物
         2. a candy, a dog, an apple, an eagle
      2. the (定冠詞)
         1. 指名詞是某一類特定事物中的一個，但具體是哪一個並不重要， 表現特定人﹑地﹑物或出現過一次後的可數名詞
         2. She has a book. The book is interesting.
            1. book 出現過之改以 the book
   2. 名詞
      1. 表示人﹑動物﹑物品等
      2. 可數名詞
         1. 單數
            1. dog, apple, candy, book, house...
         2. 複數
            1. +s
            2. dogs, cats, books
            3. 字尾 s, x, sh, ch：+es
            4. dishes, boxes, watches
            5. 字尾 o：+es
            6. potatoes, tomatoes, heroes
            7. 字尾子音 +y：去 y +ies
            8. babies, countries, cities
            9. 字尾 f, fe：去 f, fe +ves
            10. leaf → leaves
            11. knife → knives
            12. wife → wives
            13. 不規則
            14. man → men
            15. woman → women
            16. child → children
            17. tooth → teeth
            18. foot → feet
            19. 單複數同形
            20. sheep
            21. deer
      3. 不可數名詞
         1. 專有名詞（地名﹑人名）
            1. Japan, Tokyo, John, January, Sunday
         2. 物質
            1. water, milk, air, sugar
         3. 抽象
            1. love, peace
         4. 計數方式
            1. 將計量單位改成複數來表示
            2. a glass of water two glasses of water
            3. a cup of tea two cups of tea
            4. a slice of bread two slices of bread
            5. a piece of cake two pieces of cake
            6. a sheet of paper two sheets of paper
   3. 形容詞 (adj.)
      1. 修飾名詞
         1. 放在名詞前面來修飾
            1. John is a tall boy.
            2. tall 為形容詞，修飾名詞 boy
         2. 當作補語來解釋名詞
            1. I am sleepy. He looks sleepy.
            2. 名詞 I 和形容詞 sleepy 對等，此形容詞用來解釋主詞狀態
      2. 多形容詞組合
         1. 先後順序：大小 -> 新舊 -> 形狀 -> 顏色
         2. two small red ballons
         3. a big old round table
      3. 數量形容詞
         1. many
         2. a few (一些的)
         3. few (很少的)
         4. much
         5. a little (一些的)
         6. little (很少的)
         7. some (一些的)
         8. a lot of (很多的)
         9. plenty of (很多的)
         10. + 不可數 N
         11. + 可數 N
             1. He has a few friends.
             2. 他有一些朋友
             3. He has few friends.
             4. 他幾乎沒有朋友
         12. + 可數 / 不可數 N 皆可用
             1. some eggs / some sugar
             2. a lot of onions / a log of rice
             3. plenty of oranges / plenty of milk
   4. 副詞 (adv.)
      1. 修飾動詞﹑形容詞﹑句子
      2. 修飾動詞
         1. V + adv
         2. 動詞片語 + adv
         3. He runs fast.
            1. fast 為副詞，修飾動詞
         4. He speaks English slowly.
      3. 修飾形容詞
         1. adv + adj
         2. It's really cold today.
            1. really 為副詞，修飾 cold
         3. I'm very happy.
            1. very 為副詞，修飾 happy
      4. 修飾句子
         1. adv, 句子
         2. Luckily, we have great weather today.
      5. 頻率副詞
         1. adv + 一般V
         2. beV + adv
         3. always (總是)
         4. usually (通常)
         5. often (經常)
         6. sometimes (有時)
         7. never (從未)
         8. 範例
            1. We usually get up at 7.
            2. 我們通常七點起床
            3. He is never late for school.
            4. 他上學從未遲到
      6. 補充
         1. 副詞大都是「形容詞 + ly」
            1. kindly (親切地)
            2. carefully (小心地)
            3. happily (快樂地)
            4. slowly (緩慢地)
   5. 介系詞 (prep.)
      1. prep + N
         1. 放在名詞前，表現時間﹑地點﹑方法
      2. at + 時間
         1. at noon. (在中午)
         2. at 9 o'clock.
      3. in + 月/年/季節
         1. in 2019
         2. in spring (在春天)
         3. in the morning
         4. in January
      4. on + 日期/星期
         1. on Monday
         2. on May 5 (在五月五號)
      5. until (直到～)
         1. until next summer (直到下個夏天)
      6. since (自從～以來)
         1. since last week (自從上週以來)
      7. during (在～期間)
         1. during winter (在冬天時)
      8. for (在～之間)
         1. for ten days (在十天之間)
      9. by (到～之前)
         1. by 5 p.m. (到下午五點之前)
      10. at (在～)
          1. at the station
      11. in (在～)
          1. in the park
      12. on (在～上面)
          1. on the table
      13. under (在～下面)
          1. under the chair
      14. to (去/前往～)
          1. to Japan
      15. from (從～)
          1. from here
      16. for (為了～)
          1. for you
      17. by (搭乘/手段/方法～)
          1. by bicycle
      18. with (和～一起)
          1. with her
6. There is/are 句
   1. 那裡有～
   2. There is + O (單數) + (地方)
   3. There are + O (複數) + (地方)
   4. There is a book on the desk.
   5. There are books on the desk.
   6. 否定句
      1. There is + not + O (單數) + (地方)
      2. There are + not + O (複數) + (地方)
      3. There is not a library near our school.
      4. There aren't any cats in the park.
   7. 疑問句
      1. Is there + O (單數) + (地方)
      2. Are there + O (複數) + (地方)
      3. Is there a station near here?
         1. Yes, there is.
         2. No, there isn't.
7. 疑問句
   1. 疑問詞
      1. Why
      2. What
      3. How
      4. Where
      5. When
      6. Who
      7. Which (哪一個)
      8. Whose (誰的(東西))
   2. 疑問詞 + beV + S + ? (be動詞版: 與人稱代名詞搭用)
      1. What are you doing?
         1. 你正再做什麼？
            1. doing 表示現在進行
      2. Where are you?
         1. 你在哪裡？
      3. When is your birthday?
         1. 你的生日什麼時候？
      4. Why are you late?
         1. 你為什麼遲到？
      5. Who are you? Who is he?
         1. 你是誰? 他是誰?
      6. How are you? How is she?
         1. 你好嗎? 她好嗎?
      7. How is it going?
         1. 最近還好嗎？
      8. = Whose book is this? （whose + O 詢問指定物品的擁有者）
         1. Whose is this book?
            1. 這本書是誰的？
      9. 補充
         1. What crimes are the defendants being charged with?
            1. 罪犯被控訴什麼罪名？
      10. Why were you tired?
          1. 你當時為什麼累？
      11. When was she sad?
          1. 她何時傷心的？
      12. How will I be there?
          1. 我到時候要如何去那裡？
      13. When will he be with you?
          1. 他何時會和你在一起？
      14. What are you going to buy with it?
   3. 疑問詞 + V + S + ? (一般動詞版: 與名詞搭用)
      1. Who governs this country?
         1. 誰統治這個國家？
      2. Who cooks dinner for us?
         1. 誰為我們煮晚餐？
      3. 詢問特定對象
   4. 疑問詞 + do/does + S + RV + ? (助動詞版：與一般動詞搭用)
      1. What do you do?
         1. 你做什麼行業？
            1. 前 do 為助動詞，後 do 為原形動詞
      2. Where do you live?
         1. 你住哪裡？
      3. When do you want to go home?
         1. 你何時要回家？
      4. Why do you come early?
         1. 你為什麼早來？
      5. Who do you live with? Who does he live with?
         1. 你和誰住一起？ 他和誰住一起？
      6. How do you go to school? How does she go to school?
         1. 你怎麼上學的？（用何方法） 她怎麼上學的？（用何方法）
      7. Who did you meet?
         1. 你當時遇到誰？
      8. When did he read the book?
         1. 他之前何時讀這書的？
      9. How will I beat you?
         1. 我要如何才能打敗你呢？
      10. Who will he hurt?
          1. 他將傷害誰？
   5. 間接疑問句
      1. I know + What is this? [合併]=> I know what this is.
         1. What is this 變成一般句 S + V 順序 this is
         2. 合併後 '?' 去掉
      2. I don't know + Where does John live? [合併]=> I don't know where John lives.
         1. 把 does 去掉
         2. 因 S 為 John 所以 live+s
      3. Do you know where he will come back from school?
      4. Please tell us where we have to go.
   6. 附加疑問句
      1. 尋求確認「～不是嗎？」
         1. ，否定形 + S + ?
         2. ，肯定形 + S + ?
      2. You are busy, aren't you?
         1. Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
      3. John looks tired, doesn't he?
         1. 一般動詞 looks 使用 don't 或 doesn't
         2. Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
      4. John played the piano, didn't he?
         1. 過去式 played 使用 didn't
      5. They can speak English, can't they?
         1. 助動詞 can 直接使用 can't
      6. She can't swim, can she?
         1. No, she can. (不, 她會)
         2. Yes, she can't (是的, 她不會)
      7. You aren't busy, are you?
      8. They went camping, didn't they?
8. 感嘆句
   1. How + Adj/Adv + S + V + !
   2. How beautiful she is!
   3. How well he plays the piano!
      1. 他多麼會彈琴啊！
   4. What + a/an + Adj + N + S + V + !
   5. What a good boy he is!
   6. What big penguins they are!
   7. What a big pancake you made!
9. 現在進行式
   1. S + beV + Ving
      1. 現在正在進行的事
   2. They are watching TV now.
   3. I am making pancakes.
   4. 否定句
      1. S + beV + not + Ving
      2. They are not watching TV now.
      3. I am not making pancakes.
   5. 疑問句
      1. beV + S + Ving + ?
      2. Are they watching TV now?
         1. Yes, they are.
         2. No, they aren't.
   6. 補充
      1. We are having breakfast.
      2. I know him.
         1. know 表示狀態，不可寫成 I am knowing him.
10. 一般V 過去式
    1. RV+ed
       1. 發生在過去的事情
    2. We played baseball.
       1. 我們打過棒球
       2. played 和主詞無關
    3. He played baseball.
    4. He came back home two hours ago.
    5. 補充搭配
       1. yesterday
       2. last year
       3. three days ago
       4. then (那時候)
    6. 否定句
       1. We didn't play baseball.
          1. 我們沒打過棒球
    7. 疑問句
       1. Did + S + RV + ?
       2. Did she watch TV yesterday?
          1. Yes, she did.
          2. No, she didn't.
       3. Did you play baseball on Sunday?
          1. Yes, I did.
          2. No, I didn't
       4. What did you do last weekend?
          1. We went fishing last weekend.
11. beV 過去式
    1. beV 時態比較表
       1. beV 現在式
          1. am
          2. are
          3. are
          4. is
          5. are
       2. beV 過去式
          1. was
          2. were
          3. were
          4. was
          5. were
    2. He is busy now. (他現在很忙) He was busy last night. (他昨晚很忙)
    3. I am at home. (我現在在家) I was at home. (我之前在家)
    4. 否定句
       1. I was not at home.
       2. I wasn't late for school.
    5. 疑問句
       1. Was he busy last night?
          1. Yes, he was.
          2. No, he wasn't.
       2. Where were you last night?
          1. I was at home last night.
12. 過去進行式
    1. S + was/were +Ving
       1. 當時正在做～
       2. 表示過去某個時間點正在做的事
    2. We were relaxing at home then.
       1. 我們當時正在家裡休息。then: 當時
       2. 對比現在進行式
          1. We are relaxing at home now.
    3. 否定句
       1. S + was/were + not +Ving
       2. we were not relaxing at home then.
    4. 疑問句
       1. Was/Were + S + Ving
       2. Was he relaxing at home then?
          1. Yes, he was.
          2. No, he wasn't
13. 現在完成式
    1. S + have/has + PP
    2. 過去到現在已完成。 表現結果﹑經驗﹑持續等等含意
       1. 因此不可和 yesterday, last night 等過去的時間一起使用
       2. I have already finished my homework.
       3. The last train has just arrived at the station.
       4. He has just had lunch.
       5. 否定句
          1. I have not finished my homework yet.
       6. 疑問句
          1. Have you finished your homework yet?
             1. Yes, I have.
             2. No, I haven't
    3. 表現「結果～」
       1. He has lost his watch.
          1. 他弄丟了他的手錶（所以到現在沒有手錶）
       2. [相較] He lost his watch yesterday.
          1. 只是陳述過去事實（不知道現在手錶找到了沒有）
    4. 表現「經驗」， 到目前為止有做過～
       1. I have been to New York once.
          1. 我曾去過一次紐約
       2. My father has gone to work.
          1. 我爸去上班了（現在他不在這裡）
       3. 疑問句
          1. Have you ever visited New Work?
             1. 你曾經去過紐約嗎？
             2. Yes, I have.
             3. No, I haven't
             4. No, I've never visit NY.
       4. 補充
          1. have/has been to
             1. 曾經去過
          2. have/has gone to
             1. 曾經去過，現在不在這
    5. 表現「一直」
       1. I have lived in this town for ten years.
          1. 我住在這鎮上 10 年了
          2. for~ 期間
       2. He has been sick since last week.
          1. 他上週開始就生病了
          2. since~ 自從
       3. 疑問句
          1. How long have you lived here?
             1. I've lived here for ten years.
             2. I've lived here since I was 20 years old.
14. 未來式
    1. will + RV
       1. 將要～
          1. will 為助動詞
       2. we will go swimming next week.
       3. It will rain tomorrow.
       4. 否定句
          1. We will not go swimming tomorrow.
          2. It won't rain tomorrow.
       5. 疑問句
          1. Will + S + RV～？
          2. Will you go swimming next week?
             1. Yes, we will.
             2. No, we won't.
          3. Will you be at home tonight?
          4. What will she do this weekend?
    2. be + going to + RV
       1. 已決定要進行﹑已經開始進行
       2. I am going to visit USA next Monday.
       3. 否定句
          1. not + be + going to + RV
          2. I am not going to visit USA next Monday.
       4. 疑問句
          1. be + S + going to + RV
          2. Are you going to USA next Monday?
             1. Yes, I am.
             2. No, I am not.
15. 助動詞
    1. 助動詞 + RV
    2. Must
       1. 必須～
          1. = have/has to + V (現在必須)
          2. = had to + V (過去必須)
       2. You must help your brother. = You have to help your brother.
       3. He must help his brother. = He has to help his brother.
       4. 否定句
          1. You must not touch the painting.
          2. 備註
             1. don't have/has to (不一定要～)
       5. 疑問句
          1. Must I go to school today?
             1. Yes, you must.
             2. No, you don't have to.
          2. Must I help your brother?
             1. Yes, you must.
             2. No, you don't have to.
          3. 備註
             1. Do/Does + S + have to + V
             2. Do I have to go to school today?
             3. Yes, you do. (是的, 你要)
             4. No, you don't (have to). (不, 你不一定要)
             5. Does she have to go to school today?
             6. Does 後接原形, 使用 have
    3. May
       1. 可以～ 可能～
       2. You may eat this apple. (你可以吃蘋果)
       3. His story may be true. (他的故事可能是真的)
       4. 否定句
          1. You may not eat this apple.
          2. His story may not be true.
       5. 疑問句
          1. May I eat this apple?
             1. Yes, you may.
             2. No, you may not.
    4. Can
       1. 可以～ 能夠～
       2. She can speak English. (她會說英語)
       3. 否定句
          1. She cannot (can't) speak English.
       4. 疑問句
          1. Can you speak English?
             1. Yes, I can.
             2. No, I cannot (can't).
       5. 備註
          1. 有能力～ 做得到～
             1. be able to + V
             2. She is able to speak English. (她會說英語)
             3. She is not able to speak English. (她不會說英語)
             4. She was able to speak English. (她過去會說英語)
             5. Are they able to swim well?
          2. 表示禮貌詢問
             1. Could you lend me your book?
             2. 由 Could 開頭的疑問句表示禮貌性詢問，非 can 的過去式
          3. 表示過去的能力
             1. I could run very fast when I was young.
             2. 此處 could 為 can 的過去式
16. 被動句
    1. S + beV + pp + by O
       1. 主詞 被 受詞～
       2. John cleans this room.
          1. 時態為現在式，beV 為 is
          2. This room is cleaned by John.
       3. He wrote this book.
          1. 時態為過去式，beV 為 was
          2. This book was written by him.
       4. We made these cookies.
          1. 時態為過去式，beV 為 were
          2. These cookies were made by us.
       5. Spanish is spoken in Mexico (by people). This house was built 100 years ago. (by xxx)
          1. 被熟知的事物可以省略 by～
    2. S + beV + not pp + by O
       1. 主詞 不被 受詞～
       2. This room is not cleaned by John.
       3. This book was not written by him.
    3. beV + S + pp + by O ?
       1. 主詞 是被 受詞～？
       2. Is this room cleaned by John?
          1. Yes, it is.
       3. Was this book written by him?
          1. Yes it was (written by him). No, it wasn't (written by him).
       4. Where was the picture taken?
          1. It was taken in Taiwan.
       5. When was the temple built?
          1. It was built in 1980.
       6. Where were you born?
          1. I was born in Taiwan.
       7. When was this novel written by him?
          1. 他什麼時候寫這本小說的呢？
    4. 補充
       1. be made of
          1. 用～材料做的
       2. be made from
          1. 用～原料做的
       3. be known to
          1. 在～有名氣
       4. be surprised at
          1. 受驚嚇於～
       5. be interested in
          1. 對～有興趣
17. 使役句
    1. 別人為我們做了某件事情，非本人親自做
    2. 強迫人～
       1. S + make + O + V
       2. John makes her clean the room.
    3. 要求人～
       1. S + get + O + to V
          1. Did you get a haircut?
             1. 你剪頭髮了嗎？
          2. I got my hair cut. I got a haircut.
             1. 我讓我的頭髮被剪了（代表我讓我的頭髮給別人剪了）
          3. I got him to repair my watch.
       2. S + have + O + V
          1. Did you have your hair cut?
             1. 你剪頭髮了嗎？
          2. I had my hair cut.
             1. 我剪頭髮了
          3. John had him repair the watch.
          4. I had her do the work.
    4. 讓人～
       1. S + let + O + V
       2. Our teacher let us play outside.
18. 比較句
    1. A 和 B 相同
       1. as + 形容詞/原形副詞 + as
       2. John is as tall as Mary.
          1. tall 為形容詞原形
       3. John can swim as fast as Mary.
          1. fast 為副詞原形
       4. 倍數句型
          1. His cake is twice as big as this.
             1. 他的蛋糕比這個大兩倍
          2. ... three times as 原級 as ...
             1. 三倍的
          3. ... half as 原級 as ...
             1. 一半的
       5. 疑問句型
          1. Is John as tall as Mary?
             1. Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
    2. A 和 B 不相同
       1. not as + 形容詞/原形副詞 + as
       2. John is not tall as Mary.
       3. John can not swim as fast as Mary.
    3. A 比 B 還～ （比較級）
       1. V + 形容詞/副詞比較級 + than
       2. John is taller than Mary.
          1. taller 為形容詞比較級
       3. John can swim faster than Mary.
          1. faster 為副詞比較級
       4. Mary is more famous than May.
       5. 疑問句型
          1. 詢問哪個物，使用 Which
             1. Which is larger, Tokyo or Osaka?
             2. Tokyo is.
          2. 詢問哪個人，使用 Who
             1. Who is taller, John or Mary?
             2. John is.
          3. 詢問最高級
             1. Who is the tallest in your class?
             2. John is.
    4. A 最～ （最高級）
       1. V + the 最高級
       2. John is the tallest of the three.
          1. tallest 為形容詞最高級
          2. John 是三個人之中最高的
       3. John can swim (the) fastest in the class.
          1. fastest 為副詞最高級，副詞最高級可省略 the
       4. Mary is the most famous person in the office.
19. 不定詞
    1. to V，由於當名詞，可作為 S 或 O
    2. 當名詞
       1. 做 xx 的事
       2. 作為 O（受詞）
          1. I like to play baseball.
             1. to play baseball 是 O
          2. 特定使用
             1. decide to V
             2. hope to V
             3. want to V
             4. forget to V
       3. 作為 S（主詞）
          1. To speak English is easy.
             1. To speak English 是不定詞，是 S
             2. 說英文簡單
       4. 疑問詞 + 不定詞
          1. 應該 xx
          2. He didn't know what to do.
             1. what to do 當作名詞
             2. 他不知道該做什麼
          3. Can you tell us where to go.
             1. where to go 當作名詞
             2. 你可以告訴我們該如何走？
          4. Please tell us when to start.
             1. when to start 當作名詞
          5. Do you know how to use this machine?
             1. how to use 當作名詞
       5. 補充
          1. It is easy to speak English.
             1. It = to speak English
          2. It is easy for me to speak English.
             1. me 是 O
             2. 對我來說，說英文簡單
          3. It was kind of you to help me with my homework.
             1. kind of O，指人的特質
             2. 其餘如 careless (粗心地)
    3. 當形容詞
       1. 修飾名詞
       2. 為了 xx﹑ 該 xx 的
          1. books to read
             1. 該讀的書
          2. things to do
             1. 該做的事
          3. I have a lot of homework to do.
             1. 不定詞 to do 修飾名詞 homework
          4. I have my questions to as ask you.
          5. There are many places to visit in Tokyo.
       3. 應用
          1. something to V
             1. I want something to eat
             2. 我想吃點什麼
             3. I want something cold to drink
             4. 我想喝點什麼冷飲
          2. anything to V (用於疑問句)
             1. Do you have anything to eat?
             2. 你有什麼東西可以吃嗎？
          3. nothing to V
             1. We have nothing to do today.
             2. 我們今天沒事可做
          4. no time to V
             1. he has no time to call her today.
             2. 他今天沒時間打電話給她
    4. 當副詞
       1. 修飾動詞﹑修飾形容詞
       2. 為了 xx
          1. I went to London to study English.
             1. 不定詞 to study English 當副詞，修飾 went 動詞
             2. 我為了學英語去了倫敦
          2. I studied hard to pass the exam.
             1. 不定詞 to pass exam 當副詞，修飾 studied 動詞
             2. 我為了要通過考試而努力讀書
       3. 成為 xx
          1. He grew up to be a great politician.
             1. 不定詞 to be a great politician 當副詞，修飾 grew up 動詞
       4. 原因﹑理由
          1. I am very happy to see you again.
             1. 不定詞 to see you again 當副詞，修飾 happy 形容詞
       5. 因為 xx 而 yy
          1. John was careless to lost his bag.
             1. 不定詞 to lost his bag 當副詞，修飾 careless 形容詞
    5. too 形容詞 to V
       1. He is too old to drive a car.
    6. 形容詞 + enough to V
       1. 夠 xx 而足夠 yy
       2. He is rich enought to buy a house.
    7. 動詞 + O + to V
       1. ask 人 to V
          1. 請/要求 人 去 xx
          2. I asked him to bring some water.
       2. want 人 to V
          1. 希望 人 去 xx
          2. I want you to tell me the truth.
20. 動名詞
    1. V+ing
       1. 當作名詞，做～ 的事
    2. I like playing baseball.
       1. 我喜歡打棒球
    3. I started studying English last year.
       1. 我去年開始學英文
    4. Singing English songs is a lot of fun.
       1. Singing English songs 是動名詞，指 "唱英文歌" 這件事為單數
       2. 動名詞是名詞，因此可當 S
    5. My hobby is taking photos.
       1. taking photos 是動名詞
       2. 我的興趣是攝影
    6. 補充
       1. My brother is taking photos.
          1. is taking 為現在進行式
          2. 我的兄弟正在拍照
    7. 特定使用
       1. enjoy + Ving （享受）
       2. finish + Ving （結束）
       3. practice + Ving （練習）
21. 現在分詞
    1. V+ing
       1. 修飾名詞，正在～ 的意思
    2. 一個字的現在分詞修飾放在名詞前，兩個字以上的修飾放在名詞後
    3. That dancing girl is my daughter.
       1. dancing 修飾名詞 girl
       2. 一個字（dancing）的現在分詞修飾放在名詞（daughter）前
    4. The woman walking along the river is my sister.
       1. 兩個字以上（walking along the river）的修飾放在名詞（woman）後
    5. Who is the man talking with our teacher?
       1. 正再跟我們老師說話的男人是誰？
22. 過去分詞
    1. pp
       1. 修飾名詞，被～ 的意思
    2. 一個字的過去分詞修飾放在名詞前，兩個字以上的修飾放在名詞後
    3. a broken watch.
       1. 一支壞掉的手錶
       2. 一個字（broken）的修飾放在名詞前
    4. I found the stolen watch.
       1. 我找到被偷的手錶了
    5. I still have the broken camera.
       1. 我還擁有壞掉的相機
       2. 修飾相機是壞掉的
    6. This is the camera broken by my brother.
       1. 這台是被我弟弄壞的相機
       2. 兩個字以上（broken by my brother）的修飾放在名詞（camera）後
23. 關係代名詞
    1. 用句子修飾前方的名詞（先行詞），先行詞會因人或物而用不同的關係代名詞
    2. 用關係代名詞來代替主格/受格
    3. 若關係代名詞可省略：後接 S+V 時
    4. 若關係代名詞不可省略：先行詞為 '所有格'
    5. 先行詞為物
       1. 使用 which
       2. We visited a factory. It made sweets. [整合]=> We visited a factory which/that made sweets.
          1. which/that 代替了主格 it
       3. This is the desk. Ken used it. [整合]=> This is the desk (which/that) Ken used.
          1. which/that 代替了主格 it
          2. which/that 可省略（因 S+V）
    6. 先行詞為人, 且為主格
       1. 使用 who
       2. I have a friend. He lives in Japan. [整合]=> I have a friend who/that lives in Japan.
          1. which/that 代替了主格 He
    7. 先行詞為人, 且為受格
       1. 使用 whom
       2. The lady was Mary's mother. I met her yesterday. [整合]=> The lady (whom/that) I met yesterday was Mary's mother.
          1. whom/that 代替了受格 her
          2. whom/that 可省略（因 S+V）
    8. 先行詞為所有格
       1. 使用 whose
          1. 修飾人或物皆可
       2. I have a friend. His father is a doctor. [整合]=> I have a friend whose father is a doctor.
          1. whose 代替了所有格 His
          2. whose 不可省略
       3. There is a rabbit. Its ears are very long. [整合]=> There is a rabbit whose ears are very long.
          1. whose 代替了所有格 Its
          2. whose 不可省略
24. 連接詞
    1. 對等連接詞
       1. and, but, or
          1. 連接對等的字和字﹑句子和句子
       2. I got up at 7 o'clock. I washed my face. [連接]=> I got up at 7 o'clock, and [I] washed my face
          1. 兩個句子的主詞一樣時可以省略後者
       3. I called her, but she didn't answer the phone.
       4. Hurry up, and you'll catch the train.
          1. 快一點，你就可以趕上火車
       5. Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.
          1. 快一點，否則你會趕不上火車
    2. 從屬連接詞
       1. when：增加主要句子的 '時間描述'
          1. She was cooking when I visited her.
             1. 翻譯時後段句子先翻
          2. When I visited her, she was cooking.
             1. 放句首要加逗號
       2. because：增加主要句子的原因﹑理由
          1. He was sad because he lost his watch.
             1. 翻譯時後段句子先翻
          2. Because he lost his watch, he was sad.
             1. 放句首要加逗號
       3. if：增加主要句子的附加條件
          1. We'll stay at home if it rains tomorrow.
             1. 翻譯時後段句子先翻
          2. If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay at home
             1. 放句首要加逗號