1. Cognitivism
   1. Jean Piaget
   2. Definition
      1. focuses on the inner mental activities
         1. Opening the “black box” of the human mind is valuable and necessary for understanding how people learn
         2. Mental processes such as thinking, memory, knowing, and problem-solving need to be explored
         3. Knowledge can be seen as schema or symbolic mental constructions
      2. Learning
         1. The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a computer).
         2. Change in a learner’s schemata
         3. Prior knowledge is important
   3. Teaching
      1. Do interesting Q&A
      2. Highlight key points
         1. Relate to existing one!
      3. Practice short-term knowledge to long-term
   4. ICT
      1. Developing intelligent computer-based tutors
      2. Exercises program that moving simple tasks to complex problems
2. Constructivism
   1. Jean Piaget
   2. Definition
      1. Emphasis on the ways that people create meaning of the world through a series of individual constructs
      2. Knowledge is constructed based on personal experiences and hypotheses of the environment
      3. Learning
         1. Learning is an active, constructive process
         2. The learner is an information constructor
         3. Each person has a different interpretation and construction of knowledge process
   3. Teaching
      1. Teacher is the guider or facilitator
      2. Suit individuals
      3. Collaborative study groups
         1. Share experience and knowledge
   4. ICT
      1. Be suited in realistic settings
      2. Testing is best to be integrated with the task
3. Behaviorism
   1. B.F. Skinner
   2. Definition
      1. a philosophy of psychology
      2. all things that organisms do can and should be regarded as behaviors
      3. individuals' response to different environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors
      4. Learning
         1. Acquisition of new behavior through conditioning
         2. leaning links between behavior and reinforcement
         3. Repeat a new behavior until get used to it
   3. Teaching
      1. Behavior modification
      2. Break down tasks into series of simple steps to follow
      3. Manage class behavior
      4. Use reinforcements
         1. punishment decreases the likelihood that the antecedent behavior will happen again
         2. Positive indicates the application of a stimulus
   4. ICTs
      1. Drill and practice software
         1. reward correct answer
         2. Great help in make students efficient-memorizing