1. 'A positive voluntary guilty act'
2. Involuntary Acts
   1. These do not form the Actus Reus of a crime
   2. Hill v Baxter
   3. Leciester v Pearson
3. Omissions
   1. A failure to act (when a duty of care is owed)
   2. Contractual Obligation
      1. Pittwood
   3. Public Office
      1. Dytham
   4. Act of Parliament
      1. Children & Young Persons Act 1933
      2. (Following from) Gibbons & Proctor
   5. Damage Caused
      1. Miller
   6. Assumed Duty
      1. Stone & Dobinson
4. Factual Causation
   1. 'But For' Test
      1. Except for the actions of D, would the victim still have been harmed?
      2. No = D is liable
   2. White
   3. Pagett
5. Legal Causation
   1. Operating & Substantial
      1. The act of D must be the operating and substantial cause of V's harm
      2. Jordan
      3. Smith
      4. Cheshire
   2. Novus Actus Interveniens
      1. An intervening act can break the chain of causation
      2. Acts of Victim
         1. No break in the chain if V's act is reasonable & foreseeable
         2. Roberts
         3. Williams & Davis
      3. Acts of 3rd Party
         1. Malcherek
         2. Pagett
   3. Thin Skull Rule
      1. 'Take your victim as you find them'
      2. Blaue
      3. Watson