1. Future
    1. - WILL - PRESENT SIMPLE - PRESENT CONT. - BE GOING TO
      1. Intro
        1. I will get my hair cut
        2. I am going to get my hair cut
        3. I am getting my hair cut
      2. Present Simple
        1. part of time tabled
          1. events
          2. programmed arrangement
          3. routine
          4. Examples
          5. The sale finishes on Thursday
          6. The sun rises at 5:16 tomorrow
        2. fixed, unchangeable events
        3. avoid to use
          1. less formal
          2. predictions
          3. we use
          4. will
          5. be going to
          6. Examples
          7. Are you staying in to watch TV tonight, or are you coming dancing? (Not do you....)
          8. It is only a problem in Britain now, but it will affect the rest of Europe soon. (not ....but it affects...)
        4. future in time&conditional clauses
          1. after, as soon as, before, by the time, when, while, until, if, in case, provided, unless
          2. Examples
          3. When you see Ben, tell him he owes me some money
          4. by the time you get back, I will finish all work
          5. in case the software is available, I should be able to solve the problem
          6. should ---> ...acak/ecek olursa; ...sa/se; gelecekte muhtemel eylemlere değinmede kullanılır Should you have any further queries, please do not hesitate to contact me.
        5. possible future events with
          1. suppose, supposing, what if (can also be used with past)
          2. Examples
          3. Suppose we miss the bus, how will we get home Suppose we missed the bus....
          4. What if the train's late? Where will I meet you then? What if the train was late?
      3. Will
        1. prediction, believes
        2. no intention, decision in the moment
      4. Present Cont.Be going to
        1. planned future events
        2. firm intention or definite decision although it may not be arranged
        3. don't use present cont.
          1. make or report predictions over which we have no control
          2. Examples
          3. I think it is going to rain soon
          4. Satellite won't cause any damage when it falls to Earth
          5. when we talk about permanent future situations
          6. Examples
          7. People are going to/will live longer in the future
          8. Her new house is going to have/will have three floors
        4. Examples
          1. Are you seeing the doctor next week? Are you going to see....
          2. I am not asking Tom to the party I am not going to ask Tom....
      5. Examples
    2. - BE TO + INF. - BE ABOUT TO + INF. - COMMONLY USED PHRASES - THE FUTURE FROM THE PAST
      1. Be to + inf.
        1. News Reports
          1. Police officers are to visit every home in this area
          2. The main railway line is to be reopened today
        2. Formal official arrangements, instructions, orders
          1. You are not to leave without my permission
          2. Children are not to be left unsupervised in the museum
        3. Events controlled by people
          1. Scientists say they can't predict when or where the disease will appear again (not "is to appear")
          2. The comet will return to our solar system in around 500 years (not "is to return")
      2. Be about to + inf.
        1. Sth will happen in the near future
          1. We are about to eat. Do you want to join us?
          2. Appearing on TV might make her famous, but it is not about to make her rich.
          3. A: Why don't you switch it off and turn it back again? B: Yes, I was about to try that when you came in
      3. Commonly used Phrases
        1. Be...
          1. on the verge of...
          2. on the brink of...
          3. on the point of
          4. due to...
          5. sure /bound to...
          6. set to...
          7. + noun
          8. + infinitive
        2. Verbs - Intentions
          1. Verb + to infinitive
          2. Aim Agree Expect Hope Intend Plan Promise Propose Resolve Want Look(ing)
          3. I aim / am aiming / was aiming to get to Bangkok by the end of June
          4. We are looking to create 3.000 jobs in the city over the next year
          5. Nathan had resolved to become fluent in Spanish before he left university
        3. Examples
          1. People are on the verge of starvation as the drought continues
          2. Exhausted, mentally and physically, she was on the point of collapse
          3. Scientists are on the brink of making major advances in the fight against COVID19
          4. The company's chief executive is due to retire next year, but following today's announcement she is sure to be asked to leave sooner
          5. Her new film is set to be great
      4. The future from the past
        1. 1
        2. I haven't got much money, so I think I will stay at home this summer
        3. Eleni decided that she would stay at home for this summer
        4. 2
        5. I am not going to say anything about the exams today, because I don't have time
        6. I wasn't going to say anything about the exams, but students asked me to
        7. 3
        8. I am having a meeting with my tutor tomorrow to discuss my work
        9. I couldn't go to the match because I was having a meeting with my tutor
        10. 4
        11. Will you be going alone, or is Louise going with you?
        12. At the time, I thought I would be going alone, but then Jan said he wanted to come
        13. 5
        14. The exam will have finished by three o'clock, so I will see you then
        15. The exam was so easy that most people would have finished after 30 minutes
        16. 6
        17. There is to be a meeting of ministers this evening
        18. It was announced that there was to be a meeting of ministers that evening
        19. 7
        20. When the school closes, all the children are to be moved to one nearby
        21. Mrs Novak heard that she was to be moved to a post in nearby school
        22. 8
        23. As the bell is about to go for the end of the lesson, pack your books away
        24. The bell was about to go when all the children started to pack their books away
  2. Modal Verbs
    1. - CAN - COULD - BE ABLE TO - BE ALLOWED TO
      1. We sometimes use be able to instead of "can" and "could" to talk about ability. We avoid "be able to" -
        1. When we talk about sth that is happening as we speak
          1. Watch me, Mum; I can stand on one leg (not... I am able to stand on one leg)
        2. Before passives
          1. Films can now easily be streamed online (not... films are now easily able to be streamed...)
      2. If we talk about single achievement, rather than a general ability in the past, we use "be able to" rather that "could"
        1. Sophie could play the flute quite well (or... was able to...; general ability)
        2. She swam strongly and was able to cross the river easily, even though it was swollen by the heavy rain (not She swam strongly and could cross... ; a specific achievement)
      3. Could more natural than be able to -
        1. in negative sentences
          1. I tried to get up but couldn't move
        2. with verbs of the senses, e.g. feel, hear, see, smell, taste, and with verbs of "thinking", e.g. believe, decide, remember, understand
          1. I could remember the crash, but nothing after that
        3. after the phrases the only thing / place / time, and after all when it means "the only thing"
          1. All we could see were his feet
        4. to suggest that something almost didn't happen, particularly with almost, hardly, just, nearly
          1. I could nearly touch the ceiling
        5. used to make a suggestion
          1. You could try painting it a different colour
      4. Can and Could: Possibility
        1. To talk about the theoretical possibility something happening we use could, not can. However, we use can, not could, to say that something is possible and actually happens
          1. It could be expensive to keep a cat ( = if we had one, it could or it may not be expensive)
          2. It can be expensive to keep a cat ( = it can be, and it sometimes is)
        2. We use can't, not couldn't, to say that something is theoretically or actually impossible
          1. There can't be many people in the world who haven't watched television
          2. The doctor can't see you this morning; he's busy at the hospital
        3. We can use to indicate that there is a very real possibility of a future event happening. Using could suggests that something is less likely or that there is some doubt about it.
          1. We can stay with Jake in Oslo. (= we will be able to stay)
          2. We could stay with Jake in Oslo. ( = it is possible; if he's there)
      5. Could and be allowed to: permission
        1. To say in the past someone had a general permission to do something - that is, to do it at any time - we can use either "could" or "was / were allowed to". However to talk about permission for one particular past action, we use "was / were allowed to", but not "could"
          1. Anyone was allowed to fish in the lake when the council owned it (or... could fish...)
          2. Although he didn't have a ticket, Ned was allowed to come in (not... to come in)
        2. In negative sentences, we can use either couldn't or wasn't / weren't allowed to to say that permission was not given in general or particular situations
          1. I couldn't / wasn't allowed to open the present until my birthday