1. AFFIRMATIVE affirmative,adj. 1. Supporting the existence of certain facts <affirmative evidence>. 2. Involving or requiring effort <an affirmative duty>.
    1. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION affirmative action. A set of actions designed to eliminate existing and continuing discrimination, to remedy lingering effects of past discrimination, and to create systems and procedures to prevent future discrimination. See reverse discrimination under DISCRIMINATION. [Cases: Civil Rights 1033(3), 1236. C.J.S. Civil Rights §§ 18, 20, 23–24, 64–65.]
    2. IT'S A GOOD FAITH/BAD FAITH THING
      1. COMPLIANCE; NON-COMPLIANCE; LIABILITY ISSUES
  2. AFFIRMANT affirmant. A person who testifies under affirmation and not under oath. [Cases: Witnesses 227. C.J.S. Witnesses § 394.]
    1. AFFIRM affirm,vb. 1. To confirm (a judgment) on appeal. • Sometimes the verb is used without a direct object <we affirm>. The equivalent expression in British English is to deny the appeal. [Cases: Appeal and Error 1124–1145.C.J.S. Appeal and Error §§ 714, 745, 770, 814, 826, 864–868, 878–898.] 2. To solemnly declare rather than swear under oath. 3. To testify or declare by affirmation.
      1. REVIEW OF ERROR
      2. ERROR
  3. AFFIRMATION affirmation,n. " A pledge equivalent to an oath but without reference to a supreme being or to “swearing”; a solemn declaration made under penalty of perjury, but without an oath. Fed. R. Civ. P. 43(d). • While an oath is “sworn to ,” an affirmation is merely “affirmed,” but either type of pledge may subject the person making it to the penalties for perjury. Cf. OATH. [Cases: Witnesses 227. C.J.S. Witnesses § 394.] — affirm,vb. — affirmatory,adj.
    1. FRCP 43(d) Note to Subdivision (d). See [former] Equity Rule 78 (Affirmation in Lieu of Oath) and U.S.C., Title 1, §1 (Words importing singular number, masculine gender, etc.; extended application), providing for affirmation in lieu of oath.
    2. A PLEDGE EQUIVALENT TO AN OATH
      1. 645.44 Subd. 18. Pledge; mortgage; conditional sale; lien; assignment.
        1. "Pledge," "mortgage," "conditional sale," "lien," "assignment," and similar terms used in referring to a security interest in goods include corresponding types of security interests under article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code.
        2. AGENCY IS THE CONTRACT; CONTRACT IS THE LAW
  4. AFFIRMANCE affirmance,n. 1. A ratification, reacceptance, or confirmation. “A party who has the power of avoidance may lose it by action that manifests a willingness to go on with the contract. Such action is known as ‘affirmance’ and has the effect of ratifying the contract. See Restatement of Restitution § 68. The rule stated in this Section is a special application of that stated in § 85, under which a promise to perform a voidable duty is binding. On ratification, the affirming party is bound as from the outset and the other party continues to be bound.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 380 cmt. a (1979). 2. The formal approval by an appellate court of a lower court's judgment, order, or decree. [Cases: Appeal and Error 1124–1145. C.J.S. Appeal and Error §§ 714, 745, 770, 814, 826, 864–868, 878–898.] 3. The manifestation of a choice by someone with the power of avoidance to treat a voidable or unauthorized transaction as valid or authorized. 4. The manifestation of a choice, by one on whose behalf an unauthorized act has been performed, to treat the act as authorized. Restatement (Second) of Agency § 83 (1958). — affirm,vb.
    1. LIABILITY OF PRINCIPAL FOR AGENT'S CONTRACTS
      1. RATIFICATION
      2. REACCEPTANCE
      3. CONFIRMATION
    2. WHEN YOU PAY FOR SOMETHING IT DEMONSTRATES THAT YOU ARE IN STANDING AGREEMENT; SO THEY DO EVERYTHING THEY CAN DO TO GET YOU TO PAY OR TO DEMONSTRATE THAT YOU HAVE PAID
      1. HOWEVER;
        1. FRAUD VITIATES THE MOST SOLEMN PROMISE TO PAY
        2. Whenever any officer of the court commits fraud during a proceeding in the court, he/she is engaged in "fraud upon the court".
        3. FRAUD UPON THE COURT
        4. FRAUD VITIATES SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION
        5. AND THAT'S A FACT JACK
    3. In Bulloch v. United States, 763 F.2d 1115, 1121 (10th Cir. 1985), the court stated "Fraud upon the court is fraud which is directed to the judicial machinery itself and is not fraud between the parties or fraudulent documents, false statements or perjury. ... It is where the court or a member is corrupted or influenced or influence is attempted or where the judge has not performed his judicial function --- thus where the impartial functions of the court have been directly corrupted."
      1. SCOPE & PURPOSE
        1. PUBLIC v. PRIVATE
        2. CAPACITY
        3. ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY
        4. JUDICIAL CAPACITY
        5. QUASI-JUDICIAL
        6. SEMI-PRECIOUS
        7. County of Vampire
        8. VAMPIRE COUNTY OF
      2. COUNTY JUDGES ARE ACTING AS" ADMINISTRATIVE ATTORNEYS
        1. COUNTY OF X IS THE PRIMARY CORPORATION
        2. DISTRICT COURT OF COUNTY X IS A SUBSIDIARY CORPORATION
        3. QUO WAARRANTO
        4. AUTHORIZATION
        5. AUTHORITY
        6. AGENCY
        7. CONTRACT
      3. THE COURT
      4. MEMBER OF THE COURT
      5. OFFICER OF THE COURT
      6. CORRUPTED
        1. OR
        2. INFLUENCED
        3. INFLUENCE IS ATTEMPTED
        4. JUDGE HAS FAILED TO PERFORM HIS JUDICIAL FUNCTION
        5. IMPARTIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE COURT HAVE BEEN DIRECTLY CORRUPTED
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