1. Instinctive & Learned Behaviour
   1. What is it
      1. How an organism responds to its envrionment
      2. Most behaviour relies on both inherited & learned
      3. Genes & Environment play a part
   2. Inherited Behaviour
      1. Instinctive behaviour
      2. Respond to a stimulus immediately
         1. Despite not doing it before
         2. e.g. newborn mammals instinctively suckle from mothers
      3. Reflex
         1. Stimulus produces a simple response
         2. Sneezing
         3. Coughing
         4. Blinking
         5. Automatic - don't need to think
         6. Protect us from dangers
      4. Complex
         1. Earthworms "negative photoaxis" move away fromlight
         2. See anemones wave tentacles - chemical stimulus from predators
   3. Learned Behaviour
      1. Habituation
         1. Ignores a stimulus after repeat testing
         2. If stimulus proves not a risk, animals will ignore it
         3. e.g. Crows ignore Scarecrows
         4. e.g. Humans sleep through well known noises like traffic
         5. More energy efficient for animals
         6. Important for young animals
      2. Early life experiences
         1. These affect later behaviour
         2. e.g. Pigs removed from adults become aggressive
         3. e.g. Birds never learn birdsong
         4. e.g. Babies hearing parents argue more likely to rage later
   4. Training Animals
      1. Operant Conditioning
         1. Rewards given for desired behaviour
            1. Food
            2. Praise
         2. Punishment dealt for undesired behaviour
            1. Physical (chains)
            2. Verbal
      2. Guide Dogs
         1. Train to stop at the road and wait for command
      3. Sniffer Dogs
         1. Identify drugs
      4. Acting animals
      5. In combination with classical
         1. Dolphin associates whistle with food
         2. Reward given after
   5. Conditioning
      1. Classical
         1. Passive (without trying)
         2. Associate "neutral" stimulus with important one
         3. Automatic, re-enforced with repetition
         4. Ivan Pavlov Experiment
            1. Dogs would salivate when seeing or smelling food
            2. Bell ring before food given
            3. After time, bell ring produced saliva without food
      2. Operant
         1. Trial & Error learning
         2. Animal actively learns
         3. Burrhus Skinner Experiment
            1. Trained rats & pigeons
            2. Food reward
            3. Trial & error used - learn which button gives food
2. Social Behaviour & Communication
   1. Why Communicate?
      1. Keeps groups together
      2. Warn others about predators
      3. Mood communication - avoid fighting
      4. Baby - communicate needs to parents
      5. Predator co-ordination
   2. Forms of Communication
      1. Sound
         1. Very common
         2. e.g. Bird calls
      2. Chemicals
         1. Pheromones
         2. Tells others where it is / has been
         3. Sexual attractants
      3. Behaviour
         1. Waggle dance
            1. Honey bees move a certain way
            2. Shows where food is
         2. Body posture
            1. E.g. Cat raises back to appear larger
            2. E.g. peacocks shake tail to impress female
         3. Admit defeat
            1. E.g. Dog rolling on back
      4. Facial Expressions
         1. Species specific
         2. Chimpanzee "smiling" is actually FEAR
         3. Closed lips = threatening
   3. Human Communication
      1. Language
         1. Spoken
         2. Written
         3. Signed
         4. Intentional - only used when you WANT to communicate
         5. Symbolic
            1. Words represent objects or ideas
         6. Volume & Tone
      2. Non-verbal
         1. Some Intentional, others not!
         2. Different cultures
            1. E.g. "No"
            2. Shake head in UK
            3. Jerk head back in Greece
         3. Unconcious facial expressions
            1. Raise eyebrows in surprise
            2. Smile or laugh when happy
            3. Cry when sad
            4. Screw up face in disgust
         4. Body language
            1. Pointing leg or body to someone indicating interest
            2. Hands on hips = agression
            3. Open palms = honesty
            4. Avoiding eye contact = shyness or deception
   4. Self-Awareness
      1. Definition 1 - Aware of existance
         1. Show animal itself in a mirror
         2. If it sees another animal, it's not self-aware
         3. Human babies are self-aware
         4. Also chimps & dolphins
      2. Humans are more self-aware than animals
      3. Definition 2 - Aware of behaviour & feelings
         1. Conciousness
         2. Knowing the outcomes of behaviour
         3. Hard to measure in animals
3. Feeding Behaviours
   1. Herbivores
      1. Eat plants only, not other animals
      2. Examples
         1. rabbits
         2. cows
         3. sheep
         4. deer
         5. horses
      3. Food doesn't need to be caught
      4. Must eat a LOT of their food
         1. due to lack of nutrients
         2. e.g. amino acids
         3. hard to digest
         4. consume all food in the area so must travel to different place
      5. Must spend a LOT of time eating
         1. Hard to spot predators
         2. Vertebrate herbivores therefore feed in herds
         3. Some members of herd are "lookouts"
      6. Evolved safety methods
         1. Can spot, avoid or flee predators
         2. Antelopes = very quick
         3. Buffaloes = strong horns
         4. Eyes on side of the head = see predators
   2. Using Tools
      1. Chimps
         1. Use twigs
         2. Get ants from ant holes
         3. Gets honey from beehives
         4. Also use leaves to wipe dirt, blood etc
      2. Woodpecker Finch
         1. Use cactus spine
         2. Get grubs out of tree bark
      3. Hooded Monkeys
         1. Make spoons from wood pieces
      4. Egyptian Vultures
         1. Throw rocks to open ostrich eggs
         2. Drop rocks to kill animals
      5. Dolphins
         1. use sponges to protect sensitive nose
   3. Carnivores
      1. Eat meat only
      2. Examples
         1. lions
         2. dogs
         3. tigers
         4. eagles
      3. Food needs to be caught
      4. They don't need to eat too much
         1. due to high nutrient values
         2. can often go days without feeding
      5. Adapted hunting methods
         1. Eyes at front = judge distances
         2. Usually quick moving
         3. Sharp teeth & claws
         4. Small predators work alone - only need to feed themselves
      6. Alone or Together?
         1. Hunting together
            1. Large animals hunt in packs
            2. Lions catching zebras or water buffalo
            3. Wolves hunt together for deer
         2. Hunting alone
            1. What they catch only needs to feed themselves
            2. Foxes hunt alone to kill rabbits
            3. Wolves hunt alone for squirrels & mice
   4. Feeding the Young
      1. Mammals
         1. feed on milk
         2. indicating they want to be fed
            1. sucking on teat
            2. milk automatically released
      2. Birds
         1. regurgitate food
         2. indicating they want to be fed
            1. some birds may call
            2. open mouths wide (showing bright colour)
            3. stimuli causes parent bird to react
      3. Herring Gulls Example
         1. peck on red spot
         2. stimulates mother to regurgitate food
         3. baby birds = instinctive behaviour
         4. will therefore peck on any red spot not just beak
4. Reproductive Behaviours
   1. Finding a Mate
      1. Song or call
         1. birds
         2. whales
         3. frogs
      2. Pheromones
         1. moths
         2. released by female
      3. Male fighting
         1. deers
         2. attract females
         3. usually only "for show"
      4. Courtship
         1. species-specific "displays"
         2. posturing
         3. dancing
         4. link between impressiveness of display & fertility of male
         5. mandrill - brightly coloured face
      5. Importance of selection
         1. must not be closely related species
         2. female puts a lot of EFFORT into caring for babies
         3. must be strong & fertile
         4. allow for children to survive better
   2. More than One Mate
      1. Monogamy
         1. Staying with only one mate
         2. Mostly occurs in birds
      2. Male responsibility
         1. Mostly, males take NO PART in looking after babies
         2. Finds another mate
         3. sometimes mate with 1 bird per season
      3. Harem
         1. Male lion has a group of females
         2. Mates with all of them
   3. Looking after the Young
      1. Initial protection
         1. Egg incubation
         2. protection from predators
         3. feeding
         4. teaching skills
      2. Protection
         1. Staying with young
         2. protection from predators
         3. nests
      3. Feeding
         1. see feeding behaviours
         2. if feeding & protection occurs, both parents needed
      4. Teaching Skills
         1. Some are instinctive
         2. Oystercatcher birds open mussels - young learn how to
         3. human babies = imitate parents' behaviour
   4. Looking after = Increases survival
      1. increases proportion of young that survive
      2. can give birth to less developed baby
      3. shorter pregnancy
      4. protection of genes is important