1. fermenters
   1. produce
      1. antibiotics
      2. fuels
      3. proteins
   2. what is it
      1. big container
      2. liquid culture medium
      3. microorganisms grow / reproduce
      4. right conditions needed
      5. food = liquid culture (pumped in)
      6. Air = oxygen supply
      7. right temperature
         1. respiration ---> heat
         2. cooling jacket
      8. right pH
      9. sterile conditions
         1. prevent contamination
      10. motorised stirrer (paddles)
          1. stop microorganisms sinking to bottom
2. Mycoprotein
   1. food from fermenter
      1. edible biomass
      2. meat substitute
         1. vegetarian meals
         2. quorn
      3. low in fat
   2. protein from fungu
      1. single celled protein
      2. fungus = Fusarium
   3. fermenter
      1. glucose syrup
         1. derived from digested maize starch using enzymes
      2. aerobic respiration of fungus
         1. oxygen supplied
         2. nitrogen supplied
            1. ammonia
      3. sterilised
         1. use steam
         2. prevents other microorganism growth
         3. incoming nutrients
            1. sterilised
         4. air supply filtered
   4. developing counties
      1. protein hard to find
      2. animals
         1. lots of space
         2. food
            1. grass
      3. miroorganisms
         1. little space
         2. feed in waste material
            1. animals can't do this
3. penecillin
   1. mould in fermenter
      1. Penicillium chrysogenum
      2. grow in liquid culture sugar + nutrients (nitrogen)
      3. sugar used as mould grows
      4. most of nutrients used
         1. penicillin produced
   2. Alexander Fleming (1928)
   3. antibiotic
   4. Subtopic 3
4. Fuels
   1. oil / gas running out
   2. bacteria / yeast
      1. anaerobic respiration
   3. ethanol
      1. anearobic fermentation of sugar
         1. glucose ---> ethanol + CO2 + energy
      2. sugar cane juices
      3. maize starch
         1. use action of carbohydrase enzyme
            1. gives glucose
      4. distill ethanol
      5. brazil
         1. gasohol
            1. mixture ethanol + petrol
            2. cars
   4. biogas
      1. anaerobic fermentation of waste material
         1. biodigesters or generator
            1. constant temperature
            2. respiration
            3. batch gnerator
            4. small batches
            5. manually loaded with waste
            6. left to digest
            7. by-products cleared away at end of each session
            8. continuous gnerator
            9. biogas all the time
            10. steady rate
            11. waste continually fed in
            12. large scale biogas projects
            13. consideration for design
            14. cost
            15. continuous > batch
            16. convenience
            17. batch < continuous
            18. efficiency
            19. 35C
            20. insulation
            21. solar heaters
            22. no leaks
            23. position
            24. smell
            25. away from homes
            26. close to waste source
         2. carbohydrates
            1. plant animal waste
         3. sludge waste
            1. sewage works
            2. sugar factories
      2. 70% methane (CH4), 30% CO2
         1. not stored as liquid
            1. too high pressure needed
         2. use straight away
            1. heating
            2. power turbine
            3. generate electricity
      3. use to power street lights in London
      4. large scale
         1. used in some countries
      5. small scale
         1. sources
            1. human waste
            2. keeping pigs
            3. food waste
         2. village or family
         3. by-products
            1. fertilise crops
            2. fertilise gardens
   5. economic / environmental effects
      1. greener
         1. alternative to fossil fuels
         2. CO2 neutral
            1. only release that which was taken
      2. less harmful byproducts
         1. sulphur dioxide
         2. nitrogen oxides
         3. acid rain
      3. methane
         1. greenhouse gas
         2. from untreated waste
            1. spread in agricultural land
            2. fertiliser
         3. burn
            1. not released into atmospher
      4. raw material
         1. cheap
         2. readily available
      5. digested material
         1. better fertiliser than undigested dung
            1. grow more crops
      6. developing rural communities
         1. save time collecting wood for fuel
      7. generators
         1. act as waste disposal system
            1. animal waste
            2. human waste
            3. otherwise would cause
            4. disease
            5. water pollution