1. asexual
   1. Mitosois
   2. ONE parent
   3. ordinary cell
      1. divide into two
         1. genetically identical cells
         2. same genes as parents
         3. clones
         4. no variation in off spring
   4. process
      1. x shaped chromosome
         1. 2 identical halves
         2. splits down middle
            1. two identical half chromosomes
            2. two sets of DNA strands
         3. membrane forms round each
         4. DNA replicates itself
   5. replacement cells
      1. plant growth
      2. animal growth
   6. organisms producing offspring
      1. bacteria
      2. some plants
2. sexual reproduction
   1. Meiosis
   2. TWO parents
      1. produce gametes
         1. eggs
         2. sperm
         3. humans
            1. contain 23 chromosomes
            2. half number chromosomes in normal cell
            3. one of each chromosome instead of two
      2. fertilisation
         1. egg & sperm fuse
            1. sperm (gamete) + egg (gamete) = fertilised egg (zygote)
         2. full number of chromosomes
      3. inherit features
         1. both parents
         2. mixture of chromosomes
         3. genetic variation
   3. genetically different offspring
3. plant cloning
   1. asexual reproduction
   2. cuttings
      1. from good parent plants
      2. quick & cheap
   3. tissue culture
      1. few cells
         1. growth medium
         2. hormones
      2. clones
      3. advantages
         1. many plants
         2. quickly
         3. not much space
         4. grow all year
   4. REDUCED GENE POOL
4. animal cloning
   1. embryo transplant
      1. artifically fertilise
         1. sperm cell
         2. egg cell
      2. split embryo before specialisation
         1. clone
      3. implant
         1. clone embryos into other cows
         2. baby calves all genetically identical
      4. advantages
         1. 100s of ideal off spring every year
      5. disadvantage
         1. reduced gene pool
            1. fewer alleles
            2. closly related
            3. new disease can kill all
            4. no resistance from allele
   2. Adult cell cloning
      1. Dolly the sheep
      2. uses complete set of body cell chromosomes into a denuclearated egg cell
      3. tissue culture
         1. stem cells
            1. treating disease
      4. human
         1. treat diseases form stem cells
         2. replacement organs
            1. not rejected by immune system
         3. unethical?
      5. fusion cloning
         1. adult cell - fused - embryonic stem cell
         2. properties of stem cell
         3. genes of adult cell