1. Concepts
   1. Drug vs Toxin x 4
      1. Botulinum toxin (Botox)
         1. Neurotoxin
         2. LD50=0.00001 mg/kg
      2. Captopril
         1. Snake venom
         2. Anti-hypertensive
      3. Exenatide
         1. Venomous lizard
         2. Type 2 diabetes
      4. Psilocybin
         1. activating serotonin receptor
   2. Index x 3
      1. ED50
         1. dosage to obtain desired response in 50% population
            1. Quantal effect
      2. TD50
         1. dosage to achieve toxic effect in 50% population
      3. LD50
         1. dosage to obtain mortality from toxin in 50% population
            1. High LD50 -> less toxic
            2. Ethanol
            3. Low LD50 -> more toxic
            4. Botulinum toxin
   3. Types of drug x 2
      1. Biological
      2. Chemical
2. Drug Administration
   1. Choice of administration x 3
      1. Bioavailability
      2. Local or systemic action
      3. Time of response
   2. Ocular
      1. Cornea / conjunctiva
      2. Local
   3. Otic
      1. External auditory canal
         1. Min. absorption
      2. Treat infection & pain
   4. Nasal
      1. Nasal mucosa
      2. Local / Systemic
         1. Local: Decongestant / Steroids
         2. Systemic: Calcitonin for osteoporosis
      3. No first pass effect
      4. Fast action
   5. Inhalation
      1. Inhaled by mouth
         1. absorbed by bronchiole to lung mucosa
      2. Local / Systemic
      3. Fast action
   6. Oral
      1. Absorbed by GIT
         1. Rate of gastric emptying
         2. Peristalsis
         3. Food-Drug interaction
      2. Local / systemic
      3. Slow action
   7. Sublingual
      1. Under tongue -> do not penetrate mucosal layer
      2. Systemic
         1. pass capillary & epithelium
      3. Fast action
         1. by-pass GIT & liver
   8. Rectal
      1. rectal wall
      2. Local / systemic
      3. First pass effect
      4. Slow action
   9. Vaginal
      1. Mucosal lining of vagina
      2. Local / systemic
      3. No first pass effect
   10. Topical & Transdermal
       1. Skin
          1. Skin condition
             1. Thin vs thick
             2. not damage vs damage
             3. Baby vs elderly
          2. Vehicle
             1. Lipophilic vs Hydrophilic
       2. Local / Systemic
          1. Local: topical (liquid or semi-solid)
          2. Systemic: transdermal (device-assisted skin patches)
       3. No first pass effect
       4. Rate of action depends
   11. Parenteral
       1. Local / Systemic
       2. Types
          1. Injection
             1. Ampoules / vials
             2. Intravenous x 4
             3. Superficial vein: Back of hand / internal flexure of elbow
             4. Water-in-oil emulsion / suspension may clog up the vein
             5. No first pass effect
             6. 100% bioavailability
             7. Fast action
             8. Subcutaneous x 3
             9. subcutaneous capillary / lymphatics
             10. Abdomen
             11. Upper back
             12. Upper arm
             13. < 1 mL aqueous solution / oil solution or suspension
             14. Slow action
             15. Intramuscular x 4
             16. muscle layer
             17. upper arm
             18. thigh
             19. buttock
             20. larger volume of aqueous solution or suspension/ oil solution
             21. No first pass effect
             22. Moderate action
             23. Depot injection
             24. Slow action but effect is sustained & prolonged
             25. suspension / oil solution
             26. Contraception / Anti-psychotic
             27. Intra-arterial
             28. Epidural / Intraspinal
             29. Intracardiac
          2. Infusion
             1. Plastic bag / bottles
             2. Nutrients
          3. Implant
             1. Medical device
3. Pharmaceutics x 3
   1. Turning new chemical entity / old drug to medications to be used safely and effectively
   2. Oral dosage
      1. Solid x 2
         1. Unit solid x 3
            1. Tablet
            2. low [drug] x 5
            3. Bulking agents x 7
            4. Enteric coating
            5. Prevent irritation to stomach
            6. Prevent acid degradation
            7. Effervescent tab
            8. Dissolve in water by release CO2
            9. Chewable tab
            10. Promote drug dissolution & absorption
            11. Orodispersible tab
            12. for those have difficulties in swallowing drug (fast action)
            13. Sugar coating
            14. Cover unpleasant taste
            15. Sublingual tab
            16. Slow / sustained/ controlled / extended release formula
            17. Slow but sustained action
            18. Swallow as a whole
            19. Preservatives
            20. Flavouring
            21. Colouring
            22. Disintegrating agents
            23. Air-tight packaging
            24. long shelf-life
            25. Capsule x 3
            26. Hard/soft shell
            27. Mask unpleasant taste
            28. Delivery oily / formulated granules
            29. Lozenges x 3
            30. Sugar base
            31. Remain in mouth for 15 mins
            32. Analgesic, Anti-septic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tussive
         2. Bulk dosage x 2
            1. Powder
            2. Dusting powder
      2. Liquid x 2
         1. Monophasic x 4
            1. Syrup x 3
            2. Viscous & Concentrated
            3. High osmotic pressure
            4. Do not contain alcohol
            5. Elixir x 2
            6. Clear, Less viscous
            7. Contain alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol
            8. Linctuses x 4
            9. Viscous
            10. Coat throat & reduce irritation
            11. cough suppressant
            12. sipped & swallow slowly without addition of water
            13. Pholcodine linctus
            14. Solution
            15. Mouthwash / Gargling solution x2
            16. Mouth infection / dental problems
            17. Analgesic, Anti-septic
         2. Biphasic x 2
            1. Emulsion x 4
            2. 2 immiscible liquids (one is uniformly dispersed)
            3. Oil-in-water
            4. Water-in-oil
            5. Internal use (oral)
            6. Oil-in-water
            7. External use (cream)
            8. Oil-in-water
            9. Water-in-oil
            10. Parenteral use
            11. Oil-in-water
            12. Suspension x 3
            13. insoluble drug disperse in liquid medium
            14. Redispersed / shake before use
            15. Can also be injected / inhaled
   3. External dosage
      1. Semi-solid 3+4
         1. Suppository
            1. drug incorporated into inert vehicle
            2. insert into rectum
            3. Formulations x 2
            4. Fatty base
            5. Water-miscible base
            6. Criteria x 4
            7. Melt at body temp
            8. Stable storage
            9. Release active ingredients readily
            10. Easily molded & removed
         2. Enemas
            1. Oily / aqueous solution
            2. nozzle that allow insertion into rectum (local effect)
            3. For treating... x 2
            4. laxative
            5. colitis
         3. Pessary x 3
            1. Insert into vagina
            2. Formulation x 2
            3. Polyethylene glycol
            4. Glycerinated gelatine
            5. Anti-fungal / Antibiotics / Hormones
         4. Ointment x 3
            1. Opaque
            2. mixture of wax, fat & oil
            3. hydrocarbon based & greasy
            4. occlusive
            5. emollient
         5. Cream x 3
            1. Opaque
            2. Less greasy
            3. Formulation x 2
            4. Oily (water-in-oil)
            5. good emollient properties
            6. cold cream
            7. Aqueous (oil-in-water)
         6. Paste x 3
            1. Opaque
            2. Less greasy
            3. large proportion of insoluble solids
            4. highly adhesive
            5. Zinc paste USP
         7. Gel x 4
            1. Transparent
            2. liquid phase trapper in 3D polymeric matrix
            3. less occlusive than ointment
            4. Less greasy
            5. Benzoyl peroxide gel
            6. Base x 2
            7. Oleogels
            8. Hydrophobic
            9. Components x 3
            10. Liquid paraffin
            11. Polyethylene
            12. Colloidal silica
            13. Hydrogels
            14. Hydrophilic
            15. Components x 2
            16. Water
            17. Glycerol
      2. Semi-liquid
         1. Liniment x 2
            1. unbroken skin with friction
            2. contain alcohol & oil
         2. Lotion x 3
            1. watery w/ fine powder
            2. form a film of powder when dried
            3. unbroken skin with friction
            4. Calamine lotion
      3. Gas
         1. Aerosols x 3
            1. Release through activation of valve system x 2
            2. Drug + propellant
            3. Drug + solvent + propellant
            4. drug dissolve, suspended, emulsified in media
            5. No first pass effect
            6. Fast action
            7. Mode of administration x 3
            8. Topical
            9. Nasal spray x 2
            10. Buccal spray
            11. nitroglycerin
            12. Oral inhaler x 4
            13. Metered-dose inhaler
            14. solution / suspension released through opening valve and with the help of propellant
            15. Multi-dose accuhaler
            16. dry powder installed in moulded plastic device
            17. Breath-operated dry powdered system
            18. dry powder
            19. Powdered capsule for inhalation
            20. drug release by pushing a button
   4. Transdermal delivery system (TDDS) x 2
      1. Continuous drug release over period of time through intact skin
      2. Drug release through skin patch with controlled dose
      3. Type of patches x 2
         1. Membrane
            1. encapsulate drug into rate-controlling membrane
         2. Matrix
            1. dispersion drug into polymer matrix by 2 means of drug release
            2. Biodegradable matrix
            3. Porous matrix