1. Protection
   1. Connective Tissue
      1. Meninges
         1. Dura mater
            1. Thick and associated with veins that drain blood from brain through vessels or cavities called sinuses
         2. Arachnoid
            1. loosely tied to inner membrane
            2. sub-arachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater
         3. Pia mater
            1. inner membrane, adheres to surface of brain and spinal cord
            2. Arteries for brain associated with this layer
   2. Skull
   3. Extracellular Fluid
      1. Blood
         1. Blood-brain barrier
            1. Tight junctions are formed by endothelial cells
            2. induced by paracrine signals from adjacent astrocytes whose foot processes surround capillaries.
            3. selected membrane carriers and channels to move water soluble materials across membrane
            4. lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through membrane
            5. Exception
            6. Hypothalamus releases neurosecretory hormones that must pass into the capillaries of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system for distribution to the anterior pituitary
            7. Vomit cortex in medulla oblongata
            8. monitor for toxins and if present induces vomiting
      2. Cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid
         1. This forms the extracellular environment for neurons
         2. Found in ventricles and in sub arachnoid space
         3. Cerebrospinal Fluid
            1. Continuously secreted by Choroid Plexus
            2. region of ventricles
            3. Selective of what is transported into CSF
            4. Reabsorbed by villi on arachnoid membrane
2. Spinal Cord
   1. Four regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral
      1. Each region subdivided into segments that give rise to bilateral spinal nerves
         1. Just before spinal cord connection it divides into the sections
            1. Dorsal root ganglia: sensory neurons
            2. Ventral root ganglia: information from the CNS to muscles and glands
   2. Cord cross section
      1. Gray matter
         1. Dorsal horn
            1. two nuclei: somatic info and visceral info
         2. Ventral horn
            1. motor neurons that carry efferent signlas to muscles and glands
            2. Somatic and autonomic nuclei
      2. White matter
         1. Divided into columns of tracts of axons
            1. Ascending tracts
            2. sensory info to brain
            3. dorsal and external lateral portions of cord
            4. Descending tracts
            5. mostly efferent signals from brain
            6. ventral and interior lateral portions
3. Brain
   1. Region and function
      1. Cerebrum
         1. Cerebral cortex
            1. Perception
            2. skeletal muscle movement
            3. Integration of information and direction of voluntary movement
            4. Neurons are arranged in anatomically distinct vertical columns and horizontal layers
            5. Gray Matter
         2. Basal Ganglia
            1. Movement
            2. Gray Matter
         3. Limbic System
            1. Amygdala
            2. Emotion and memory
            3. Cingulate Gyrus
            4. Emotion and memory
            5. Hippocampus
            6. Learning and memory
            7. Near brain stem. Most primitive of cerebrum. Link between higher cognitive function and primitive function.
         4. White matter of Cerebrum
            1. found mostly in interior
      2. Diencephalon
         1. Thalamus
            1. Integrating center and relay station for sensory and motor information
         2. Hypothalamus
            1. Homeostasis and behavioral drives
            2. Activate sympathetic nervous system
            3. Maintain body temp
            4. Control body osmolarity
            5. control reproductive functions
            6. controls food intake
            7. Interact with limbic system to influence behavior and emotions
            8. Secrete trophic hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland
         3. Pituitary
            1. Posterior Pituitary(neurohypophysis)
            2. Hormone secretion from the hypothalamic nuclei
            3. Anterior Pituitary(adenohypophysis)
            4. Hormones regulated by hypothalamix neruohormones secreted into the hyopthalamic-hypophyseal portal system
         4. Pineal Gland
            1. Melatonin secretion
      3. Cerebellum
         1. Movement coordination
      4. Brain Stem
         1. Regions and functions
            1. Medulla oblongata
            2. Control of involuntary functions
            3. Reticular formation
            4. Arousal, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation
            5. Pons
            6. Relay station between cerebrym and cerebellum; coordination of breathing
            7. Midbrain
            8. Eye movement
         2. Oldest and most primitive region
            1. From embryonic midbrain and hindbrain
   2. Diffuse Modulatory Systems
      1. Noradrenegic(noreepinephrine)
         1. Origin of neurons
            1. Locus coeruleus of Pons
         2. Structures innervated
            1. Cerebral cortex
            2. Thalamus
            3. Hypothalamus
            4. Olfactory bulb
            5. Cerebellum
            6. Midbrain
            7. Spinal cord
         3. Functions modulated
            1. Attention
            2. Arousal
            3. Sleep-wake cycles
            4. Learning
            5. Memory
            6. Anxiety
            7. Pain
            8. Mood
      2. Serotonergic(serotonin)
         1. Origin of Neurons
            1. Raphe nuclei along brain stem midline
         2. Structures innervated
            1. Lower nuclei project to spinal cord
         3. Functions modulated
            1. Pain
            2. Locomotion
      3. Dopaminergic(dopamine)
         1. Origin of Neurons
            1. Substantia nigra in midbrain
            2. Structures innervated
            3. Cortex
            4. Functions modulated
            5. Motor control
            6. Ventral tegumentum in midbrain
            7. Structures innervated
            8. Cortex and parts on limbic system
            9. Functions modulated
            10. "Reward" centers linked to addictive behaviors
      4. Cholinergic(acetylcholine)
         1. Origin of Neurons
            1. Base of cerebrum; pons and midbrain
         2. Structures innervated
            1. Cerebrum
            2. Hippocampus
            3. Thalamus
         3. Functions modulated
            1. Sleep-wake cycles
            2. Arousal
            3. Learning
            4. Memory
            5. Sensory information passing though thalamus
4. Cranial Nerves
   1. Olfactory
      1. sensory
      2. smell info from nose
   2. Optic
      1. sensory
      2. visual info from eyes
   3. Oculomotor
      1. motor
      2. eye movement, pupil constriction, lens shape
   4. Trochlear
      1. motor
      2. Eye movement
   5. Trigeminal
      1. mixed
      2. sensory info from face, mouth; motor signals for chewing
   6. Abducens
      1. motor
      2. Eye movement
   7. Facial
      1. mixed
      2. sensory for taste; efferent signals for tear and salivary glands, facial expression
   8. Vestibulocochlear
      1. sensory
      2. hearing and equilibrium
   9. Glossopharnygeal
      1. Mixed
      2. Sensory from oral cavity, baro- and chemoreceptors in blood vessels; efferent for swallowing, parotid salivary gland secretion
   10. Vagus
       1. Mixed
       2. Sensory and efferencts to many internal organs, muscles, and glands
   11. Spinal accessory
       1. Motor
       2. Muscles of oral cavity, some muscles in neck and shoulder
   12. Hypoglossal
       1. Motor
       2. tongue muscles