1. Somatosensation
   1. mechanoreceptors: RA (mesiners), SAI (merkel's) , SAII (ruffini), PC (pacinian corpuscles)
   2. thermo: free nerve endings C/Ad; free nreve endings
   3. nocicpetion: free nerve endings
   4. proprioception: awarness of body/mvm't in space; golgi tendonds, m/ spindles, joint afferents (ruffini-like, paciniform-like endings, free nerve endings), SAII (ruffini ending)
   5. what our body is doing
2. Anterolateral Columns
   1. Anterolateral: gen info, protective syst
      1. spinothalamic
      2. spinoreticular
      3. spinotectal tract
   2. functs
      1. pathways not clearly defined; reflexive, primitive, arousing reactions
      2. habituation occurs a lot here; dont want to always be in high alert
      3. sp retic activation: respond to harmful stimuli
      4. sp thal localization: where the stimuli is coming from
      5. sp tact orientation:
   3. receptors
      1. thermoreceptors: perceived as noxious
      2. nociceptors: respond to noxious stimuli; mech, thermal, polymodal (x things)
   4. afferent fibers
      1. Ad-light myel relativerly fast: superficial and localized (actue pain)
      2. C fibers unmyel; slow conducting, convey general area persistent pain (chronic)
      3. slow conducting pain
3. DCML
   1. DCML info
      1. epicritic: newer sys; mediates discriminative sensation
      2. organized: clearly defined paths
      3. purpose: transmits conscious proprioceptive and tactile stimuli; slowly adapting
         1. critical component of neuoplasticity
   2. touch sensation and touch defined
   3. dermatomes
      1. sensation location
         1. waist up: ADL touble
         2. distinct segments that dist. sensation t/out body
         3. nerve Stimulation
4. proprioception processing
   1. stereognosis: determine object through touch alone
   2. kinesthesia: awareness of mvmt
   3. proprioception: awareness of body position
   4. olfaction: awareness of smell
   5. Proprio Syst
      1. purpose: mvmt of body, upright position
      2. org: direct input to/from sp level (Central Pattern Generator [mvmt w/out thinking about it, ex. walking] and reflexes), cortical/cerebellar connect's have implications w/ motor control/learning and influences x levels of CNS funct
      3. note
         1. interaction b/w skin and m. afferent fibers
         2. sensory input through the thalamus -> m. is basic pathway
      4. m. spindles: afferent and efferent motor fivers for periph feedback
      5. golgi tendon organs
      6. cutaneous mechanoreceptors
      7. joint receptors: resp. to position and mvmt
      8. centrally gen motor commands: motor learning, praxis, implications (think of an ice skater, handwriting etc.)
   6. def's
5. clinical correlation of semato in mvmt
   1. deafferentation: lost ability to feel but can still move; force/mvmt perceptions are diminshed (need visual input)
      1. loss of sensation -> postural control, gait pattern and scaling mvm't is diminshed
   2. sensory deficits
      1. sensation deteriorates
         1. diabetes, lead posinoing, leprosy, vibration induced neuropathy, b12 deficiency etc
      2. deficits manifests
         1. numbness, tingling, parasthesia, elevated touch-pressure thresholds
      3. sensory deficits
         1. stereognosis is diminshed, slower reaction times, impaired force and timing modulation
   3. brown-sequard syndrome: demonstrates DCML vs spoinothalamic processes
      1. due to hemisection of SC 1. ipsi loss of LOWER MOTOR neuron AT level of lesion 2. ipsi loss of UPPER MOTOR neuron funct BELOW level of lesion 3. ipsi loss of DORSAL COLUMNB funct BELOW level of lesion 4. CONTRA loss of SPINOTHALAMIC sesnation BELOW level of lesion
   4. phasic input of sensation: timing of sensory input to mvm't -> more effective mvm't
      1. Muir and Steeves test w/ chicks and SP thoracic hemisection
         1. pt's need to be stimulated and then move w/ no distractions
6. Sensory Processing
   1. exteroreceptors in skin: touch, pressure, pain, temp, gustatory, olfactory, visual, auditory receive x signals constantly signals change in intensity/duration processing req. registration and modulation
   2. Reticular activation syst: important foundation of sensory processing req. balance b/w para and symp syst's broad spectrum of function
      1. can be over/understimulated
      2. SENSORY REGISTRATION failure in orientation vs over-orientation sensory dormancy to normal to sensory defensiveness hyporesponsice vs hyperresponsive
         1. overresponsive jumpy attends to x inputs always on guard poor vigilance tactile defensive
         2. Underresponsive lethargic intense poor attention to sensory input
7. sensory info all processed through thalamus
8. 1. what is the role of somat syst? 2. how do we eval the "funct" of the somat syst? 3. how can we use the somat syst in the therapeutic process?