1. Example 1 Analysis
   1. Why a mammal shivers
      1. Mechanic/ proximate temperature-sensitive nerve detect fall in body temp
      2. Telelogical explanation They shiver to keep warm (This doesn't tell why compared to before)
2. Example 2
   1. Why is human spine so straight?
      1. Teleologically, to provide support and protection
      2. But really it is a evolutionary trait evolved from horizontal to vertical
3. check your understanding 1.1 Explain the terms “proximate” and “evolutionary” explanations and give an example of each. What are adaptations and why aren’t they always logical, optimal features? Describe the Krogh principle and give an example.
4. Approaches to animals
   1. Mechanistic/ proximate
   2. Evolutionary / ultimate
   3. Teleological
5. Defi ne homeostasis and give an example of why it is important. Describe a negative-feedback system with antagonistic eff ectors. Discuss how anticipation and acclimatization improve such a system.
6. Death if homeostatis fails
7. Introduction
   1. What is life? / Physiology Definition
      1. Defined as a dynamic system; nonliving things do not have this.
      2. Metabolism; ability to organize themselves using energy and raw material
      3. Homeostatis; maintain integrity
      4. Reproduction
   2. Biological adaptations
      1. Type (1) Proximate / mechanistic
         1. How does it work
         2. Focuses on function or structure
         3. Traditional core of physiological / medical sciences
      2. Type (2) Evolutionary / ultimate
         1. How did it get to be this way?
         2. Result of variation and natural selection
         3. Ability to cope with selective pressures; mating, stress, enviornment etc.
      3. Both of these are related to natural selection
         1. Often described as adaptations
         2. Homologous traits; share common ancestry trait
            1. Bird wings / Human Arms
         3. Analogous ; similar structure but evolved differently
            1. Batman wings and bug wings
      4. Often explained as a cause/effect seqence
   3. Adaptation reflects evolutionary history includes cost-benefit trade-offs
      1. teleological approach
         1. Explained in terms of their particular purpose; Is it useful? How?
         2. This approach has flaws; because not everything is useful
            1. Adaptations are often historical records; Not necessary logicial
            2. Vestigal structure exist
            3. Example; Humans have gene to produce vitamin C, but it is turned off, because we consume it naturally enough
      2. What is a cost-benefit trade-off?
         1. You can't have everything, must sacrifice things for others
         2. Example, snail has a shell for protection, but this slows it down
   4. Physiology is an integrative + comparative discipline
      1. Made from many sciences (obvious)
      2. Often related to Krogh Principle
         1. There will be an animal for better study; squid has big nerves, great for nerve study
      3. Comparative; Vertical and Horizontal Vertical: same line of species Horizontal : compare with different animals Comparative allows us to understand trade-offs between other animals
8. Methods in Physiology
   1. Uses genetic to behavioral disciplines
   2. Ask a question
   3. Purpose hypothesis
   4. Design experiment
   5. Conduct observations or experiment
   6. Use outcomes and redefine question
9. Levels of Organization in Organisms
   1. Most basic form is cell
   2. Pro vs eukaroytic
   3. Multi vs uni
   4. We are going to look at the organism level
10. Size and Scale among Organisms
    1. Study of size on anatomy and physiology is called scaling
       1. Most important concept is surface-area-to-volume ratio
          1. The larger the organism the smaller the surface-area- to-volume ratio
    2. Some cool facts; why are there no large insects? Birds of human size will lice 2.5 longer than us
11. Homeostasis: Basic Mechanisms and Enhancements
    1. What is it made of?
       1. Our body is consisted of ECF and ICF extracellular and intracellular
          1. ECF is plasma for humans the liquid that blood bathes in
          2. ICF is the fluid inside cell
    2. What factors are regulated by it
       1. Concentration of energy-rich molecules (regulation of metabolic fuel)
       2. Concentration of O2 and CO2
       3. Waste, ph, water, salt, electrolytes
       4. Volume and pressure and temperature
       5. Social parameters
    3. What does it do?
       1. A system that tries to regulate itself to perserve its identity.
       2. Need to maintain a relatively constant state of the internal environment
       3. Therefore it is a dynamic ever-changing state
    4. Animals vary in their homeostatic abilities
       1. Regulators
          1. Regulate things
          2. internal body is constantly regulate inside temp
       2. Conformers
          1. Adjust accordingly to enviorment
          2. snail stays in shade to cooldown
       3. Avoiders
          1. Avoids nasty things, but not capable of internal regulations
          2. butterflies fly south to stay warm, avoid cold
       4. Enantiostasis
          1. Changing one variable to counteract a change in another
          2. Example; carbs has lose salt when leaving the ocean, must counteract by adjusting inside alkalinity to counterbalance this
       5. Negative feedback
          1. Antagonistic Control
             1. The ability to raise or lower like a thermostat cool/heat
          2. Behavior
             1. Corrective effector; shivering
             2. Avoiders; migration
          3. Inadequacies
             1. Cannot be homostatic "same state" Therefore it is a delayed response;
             2. but we have 2 systems to help benefit it
             3. Acclimatization systems
             4. Altering of existing feedback after many days to work better such as gathering fat for winter
             5. Some forms are upregulations;downregulation
             6. These often are regulated in laboratory
             7. Anticipation of feedforward system
             8. This reduces the delay phenomenon by detecting/predicting disturbance before a regulated state is change and activates effectors in advance
    5. How does a negative feedback system work
       1. Sensor
          1. To measure variable being regulated
       2. Integrator
          1. Compares the sensed information with a set point (ideal state)
       3. Effector
          1. Device/process that makes corrective response
       4. Subtopic 4
12. Regulated Change
    1. Not all internal process are homeostatic; some may be reset or positive-feedback
       1. Reason is because negative-feedback can't always be at an optimum and acclimattization requires switching to dormancy
    2. Some may call this rheostasis "variable state"
       1. Reset; a change in negative-feedback set point temporary, permanent, oy cyclic such as fever, maturity, homoroes
       2. Postive-feedback system The demand for rapid change in a setpoint Birth (negative feedback resist change)
    3. Regulated by intrinsic (on its own 1 organ) and extrinsic control (by 2 or more; often this is it)