1. Covalent Substances
   1. non-metals
   2. forms molecule
   3. electron sharing
2. properties
   1. gas
   2. liquid
   3. solid
   4. low melting point
   5. low boiling point
   6. covalent bonds
      1. strong
      2. intRAmolecula bonds
         1. inside the molecule
   7. intERmolecula bonds
      1. weak
      2. attract molecules together
   8. insulator
      1. no ions
         1. no free elctrons
      2. strong intramoleculart bonds
         1. hold electrons
3. Molecular Crystals
   1. low temperatures
   2. examples
      1. ice
      2. solid carbon dioxide
      3. solid methane
      4. solid ammonia
      5. iodine
4. Graphite
   1. CARBON ALLOTROPE
   2. giant structure
   3. strong covalent bonds
      1. layers
         1. hexagons
      2. high sublimation point
   4. weak intermolecular bonds
      1. between layers
         1. slide
         2. flaky
         3. lubricant
   5. conduct electricity
      1. electrons in planes free
5. Diamond
   1. CARBON ALLOTROPE
   2. Giant structure
   3. 4carbons to 4 carbons
   4. covalent bonding strong
      1. used for cutting
      2. high sublimation point
   5. melting point
      1. 3730C
   6. mining
      1. ore
         1. kimberlite
      2. crush-washed-xray screened-washed-hand sorted
      3. clean operation
         1. no toxic chemicals
         2. no chemical pollutants
6. ALLOTROPES
   1. different forms
   2. same element
   3. carbon
      1. diamond
      2. graphite
7. examples
   1. water
      1. Display Formula
   2. ethane
   3. Nitrogen
      1. triple covalent bond
   4. methane