1. Fermentation
   1. warm in water bath 20-30C yeast enzyme works best
   2. Reaction
      1. sugar --(yeast)--> ethanol + carbon dioxide
      2. C6H12O6 (s) --(yeast)--> 2C2H5OH (l) + CO2
      3. ENZYMIC REACTION
      4. batch process
   3. sugar source
      1. grapes
         1. wine
      2. barley
         1. beer
   4. fractional distilation
      1. pure alcohol
      2. alcohol vapour condenses back to liquid
      3. ethanol + water + yeast in flask
      4. fractionating column containing glass beads
      5. thermometer
      6. condenser
      7. water in / out
      8. ethanol produced
   5. renewable sources
      1. sources flavour the drinks
   6. batch process
      1. small amount produced
      2. clean after each batch
2. from alkenes
   1. continuous process
      1. fast rate of production
      2. large amounts produced
   2. non-renewable sources
   3. add flavourings to make drinks
   4. conditions
      1. high cost
         1. 300C
         2. 70 atm
3. other reactions
   1. ethanol to other important compounds
   2. use of -OH functional group
   3. sodium
      1. sodium + ethanol ---> sodium ethanoate + hydrogen
      2. 2Na(s) 2C2H5OH (l) ---> 2C2H5ONa (s) + H2 (g)
   4. oxidised
      1. ethanoic acid
         1. a carboxylic acid
         2. vinegar
            1. effects if wine & beer not sealed properly
      2. oxidising agent
         1. potassium dichromate (VI) solution in sulphuric acid
   5. dehydration
      1. ethene
      2. conditions
         1. excess of sulphuric acid
            1. (concentrated phosphoric (V) acid H3PO4 can be used instead
            2. catalyst
            3. not written in reaction equation
         2. 170 C
4. Carboxylic acids
   1. homologous series
      1. functional group
         1. -COOH
   2. methanoic acid
      1. HCOOH
   3. ethanoic acid
      1. CH3COOH
   4. propanoic acid
      1. C2H5COOH
   5. ESTERS
      1. alcohols + concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
      2. propanoic acid + ethanol <---> ethyl propanoate
      3. ESTERFICATION REACTION
         1. absorbs the water formed in the reaction
      4. sulphuric acid
         1. dehydrating agent
      5. pleasant smells
         1. perfumes
         2. methyl butanoate
            1. pineapple smell