1. Air
   1. 78.1% Nitrogen
   2. 21% Oxygen
      1. experiment % oxygen in air
   3. 0.9% Argon
   4. trace Carbon Dioxide
   5. industrial extraction
      1. oxygen, nitrogen, noble gases
      2. liquified
         1. fractional distilation
            1. separation
      3. process
         1. 1) air -80C
            1. gases removed
            2. CO2
            3. H2O
         2. 2) air cooled & compressed
         3. 3) air expands quickly
            1. cools to -200C
         4. 4) fractional distillation of boiling points
            1. oxygen -183C
            2. nitrogen -196C
2. carbon dioxide
   1. carbon + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide
   2. CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) ---> CO2 + H2O + CaCl2 (aq)
   3. calcium carbinate + hydrochloric acid ---> carbon dioxide + water + calcium carbonate
   4. properties
      1. colourless gas
      2. dry ice
         1. solid CO2
         2. -78C
      3. dissolves slightly in water
         1. carbonic acid
            1. H2CO3 (aq)
      4. reacts with alkalis in solution
         1. salts
            1. CARBONATES
         2. CO2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) ---> Na2CO3 + H2O
            1. sodium hydroxide
            2. sodium carbonate
         3. + Lime water (Calcium hydroxide solution)
            1. = calcium carbonate
            2. cloudy white precipitate
            3. insoluble
            4. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 (aq) ---> CaCO3 (s) + H2O
         4. + calcium carbonate
            1. = calcium hydrogen carbonate
            2. CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) ---> Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
   5. uses
      1. fizzy carbonated drinks
         1. added under pressure
         2. dissolves in liquid
         3. fizze / comes out
            1. pressure released
      2. fire extinguishers
         1. denser than air
         2. keeps oxygen form base of fire
         3. CO2 does not burn
3. Reactions of Oxygen in air
   1. oxides
      1. heat in
         1. air
         2. oxygen
      2. neutral oxide
         1. pH 7
         2. H2O
      3. basic oxide
         1. IF dissolves in water
            1. ALKALIS
            2. BASES
         2. dissolve in water
            1. alkaline solution
         3. 2Mg (s) + 2O2 (g) ---> 2MgO (s)
            1. white powder
      4. acidic oxide
         1. dissolve in water
            1. acidic solution
         2. S (s) + O2 (g) ---> SO2 (g)
            1. dissolve
            2. SO2 + H2O ---> H2SO3
            3. sulphurous acid
            4. react with oxygen & water
            5. petrol bunring in cars
            6. 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) + H2O (l) ---> H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
            7. sulphuric acid
            8. acid rain
      5. 3Fe(s) + 2O2 (g) ---> Fe3O4(g)
         1. black oxide
      6. 2Cu (s) + O2 ---> 2CuO(s)
         1. black oxide
      7. combustion
         1. complete
            1. hydrocarbon (methane) + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water
         2. incomplete
            1. carbon monoxide
            2. (later topic + environment)
4. Neutralisation Reaction
   1. Base/Alkalis + Acid
      1. salts
   2. NaOh (aq) + HCL (aq) ---> NaCl (aq) + H2O
   3. sodium hydroxide (alkali) + Hydrochloric acid (acid) ---> Sodium Chloride (salt) + water
5. Oxidation + Reduction
   1. oxidation
      1. addition of oxygen
   2. reduction
      1. oxygen removed
6. Nitrogen
   1. unreactive
   2. reaction conditions
      1. lightning
      2. car engines
      3. nitrogen monoxide
         1. nitrogen dioxide
      4. N2(g) + O2 (g) ---> 2NO (g)
      5. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) ---> 2NO2 (g)
      6. oxides dissolved
         1. acid rain
         2. affects
            1. forests
            2. aquatic life
            3. buildings
7. Iron
   1. rust
      1. iron oxide
      2. iron + water + oxygen
      3. flaky orange solid
      4. increase rate of rusting
         1. sodium chloride in water
            1. sea water
         2. electrolyte
      5. prevention
         1. grease
         2. plastic
         3. oil
         4. paint
         5. galvanising
            1. coat in zinc
            2. sacrificial protection
            3. zinc corrodes
         6. water & air excluded
8. Reduction of Oxides
   1. heating with carbon
      1. metals less reactive than carbon
         1. reduced
         2. oxides
            1. lead
            2. zinc
            3. iron
            4. tin
            5. copper
      2. metals more reactive than carbon
         1. NOT reduced
         2. oxides
            1. aluminium
            2. magnesium
            3. calcium
            4. sodium
            5. potassium