1. wire dipped in hydrochloric acid
  2. lithium L1+ bright red
  3. sodium Na+ golden yellow / orange
  4. potassium K+ lillac (purple)
  5. calcium Ca2+ brick red
  6. barium Ba+ apple green
  7. ions in solution
    1. ionic compunds
      1. dissolve in water
        1. solutions
        2. add sodium hydroxide
          1. insoluble metal hydroxide
          2. ca2+ (aq)
          3. Ca(OH)2 (s)
          4. white
          5. not dissolve in excees NaOH
          6. Cu2+ (aq)
          7. Cu(OH)2 (s)
          8. light blue
          9. Fe2+ (aq)
          10. Fe(OH)2 (s)
          11. green
          12. +air
          13. oxidises
          14. Fe3+ / Fe(OH)3
          15. reddish brown
          16. Mg2+ (Aq)
          17. Mg(OH)2 (s)
          18. white
          19. not dissolve in excess NaOH
  8. ammonium ions
    1. NH4+
      1. ammonium solution
      2. add dilute NaOH
      3. damp red litmus paper
        1. blu eif ammonia formed
  9. Anions
    1. Solid
      1. + dilute hydrochloric acid
      2. + dilute sulphuric acid
      3. gas into lime water
      4. cloudy = solid contains carbonate
      5. 2HCl + Na2CO3 (carbonate) ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
      6. 2HNO3 (nitric acid) + ZnCO3 (carbonate) ---> Zn(NO3)2 (nitrate) +H2O + CO2
    2. thermal decomposition
      1. copper (II) carbonate (green) ---> copper (II) oxide (black) + CO2
      2. CuCO3 (s) ---> CiO (s) + CO2 (g)
      3. not all decompose on heating!
    3. in solution
      1. like chloride ion
        1. Br- (aq)
        2. AgBr
        3. ceram precipitate
        4. I- (aq)
        5. Agl
        6. yellow precipitate
        7. silver halides
        8. + light
        9. reduced to silver
        10. dark grey / black
        11. photographic process
      2. NO3- (aq)
        1. + NaOH
        2. warm
        3. + aluminium powder
        4. red litmus paper goes blue
  10. gases
    1. hydrogen
      1. lighted splint
        1. pop / squeaky
    2. oxygen
      1. glowing splint
        1. flame
    3. carbon dioxide
      1. limewater
        1. cloudy
    4. ammonia
      1. NH3
        1. damp red litmus / universal indicator paper
          1. blue
    5. sulphur dioxide
      1. SO2
        1. damp potassium dichromate (VI) paper
          1. orange to green
  11. solubility of salts in water
    1. all common sodium, potassium, ammonia salts are soluble
    2. all nitrates are soluble
    3. common chlorides soluble, except silver chloride
    4. common sulphates soluble, except barium & calcium
    5. common carbonates and hydroxides are INSOLUBLE, except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium.
  12. making insoluble salts
    1. precipitate
      1. solid made in solution
      2. soluble salt (aq) + soluble salt (aq) ---> insoluble salt (precipitate) + soluble salt (aq)
      3. Na2CO3(aq) + CuSO4 (aq) ---> CuCO3 (s) + Na2SO4(aq)