1. Aqueous Solutions (aq)
    1. substance disolved in water
      1. alkaline
      2. acid
      3. neutral
    2. indicators
      1. test for acidity / alkalinity
      2. liquid
      3. paper
      4. different colours / different solutions
      5. litmus
        1. acid
          1. red
        2. neutral
          1. purple
        3. alkaline
          1. blue
      6. universal indicator
        1. shows strength of acid / alkalis
        2. more colours
        3. pH scale
          1. 1 to 6
          2. acid
          3. 7
          4. neutral
          5. 8 to 14
          6. alkaline
      7. Phenolphthalein indicator
        1. colourless in acid
        2. pink in alkaline
      8. Methyl Orange Indicator
        1. pink in acid
        2. yellow in alkaline
  2. Acids
    1. contain replaceable hydrogen atoms
      1. chemcial reactions
      2. metal atom replacement
      3. salt compound formed
        1. (see mind map on salts)
    2. only in aqueous solution
      1. form H+ ions
      2. HCl (aq) ---> H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
    3. basicity
      1. number of H+ that can be replaced
        1. hydrochloric acid : HCl
          1. monobasic (one H+)
        2. nitric acid : HNO3
          1. monobasic (one H+)
        3. sulphuric acid : H2SO4
          1. dibasic (two H+)
        4. phosphoric acid : H3PO4
          1. tribasic (three H+)
    4. Types
      1. strong acid
        1. produce all hydrogen ions available
        2. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4
        3. use one way arrow symbol --->
      2. weak acid
        1. partially dissociate
        2. not release all hydrogen ions
        3. molecules in equillibrium with ions
        4. use double arrow symbol
        5. ethanoic acid
          1. vinegar
          2. CH3COOH (aq) <--> CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
  3. Bases / Alkalis
    1. Base
      1. hydroxides of metals
        1. formed when oxide dissolves in water
          1. alkali
      2. oxides of metals
        1. 4Na (s) + O2 (g) ---> 2Na2O (s)
        2. sodium + oxygen ---> sodium oxide
      3. dissolve a base into water
        1. alkali
          1. Arrhenius : substances that dissolve in water to form hydroxide ions OH-
          2. NaOH(aq) ---> Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
        2. pH 8 - 14
      4. strong alkalis
        1. fully dissociate
          1. release all hydroxide ions
        2. sodium hydroxide
          1. sodium oxide + water ---> sodium hydroxide
          2. Na2O (s) + H2O (l) ---> 2NaOH (aq)
        3. potassium hydroxide
          1. KOH (aq) ---> K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
        4. use one way arrow symbol --->
      5. weak base (weak alkali)
        1. ammonia solution
          1. ammonium hydroxide solution
          2. NH4OH (aq)
        2. NH3 (g) + H2) (l) <---> NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
        3. NH4OH(aq) <---> NH4+ (aq) + OH - (aq)
        4. partial dissociation