1. States
   1. solid
      1. particles fixed positions
      2. definite shape
      3. vibration about fixed position
   2. liquid
      1. particles
         1. held tightly
         2. move around
      2. no defined shape
      3. vibrating about fixed position
   3. gas
      1. particles
         1. further apart
         2. energy = move apart
      2. expand to fill a container
      3. compress
         1. forms liquid
   4. changing states
      1. solid -> liquid -> gas
         1. heat energy added
         2. particles overcome holding forces
         3. ENDOTHERMIC
            1. energy absorbed
      2. gas-> liquid -> solid
         1. cooling
            1. removing energy
         2. particles closer together
         3. EXOTHERMIC
            1. energy given out
      3. vapourisation
         1. american term not used in UK
         2. evaporation
         3. boiling
2. Mixtures
   1. no chemical reaction
   2. separated easily
3. compounds
   1. joined together
      1. chemical reaction
   2. separated
      1. chemical reaction
   3. properties
      1. different to components
4. heating curves
   1. change of state
      1. temperature stays same
         1. energy heating = separate particle
         2. cooling = particles closer together
      2. liquid to gas
         1. HEAT OF VAPORISATION
            1. compare energy separation of different particles
            2. The energy required to change a gram of a liquid into the gaseous state at the boiling point
            3. break intermolecular attractive forces
            4. energy to expand gas PxV=work
            5. kinetic energy
      3. solid to liquid
         1. HEAT OF FUSION
            1. The energy required to change a gram of a substance from the solid to the liquid state without changing its temperature.
            2. breaks solid bonds
            3. leaves energy in intermolecular forces
            4. i.e. liquid state