1. Temperature
   1. inc. temperature
      1. inc. kinetic energy
      2. particles faster
      3. more collisions / second
      4. increased proprtion of effective collisions
   2. inc. rate
   3. NB same end point
2. Catalyst
   1. chemically unchanged at end of reaction
   2. increased rate
   3. managanese (IV) oxide
      1. catalyst
      2. decomposition : hydrogen peroxide ---> water + oxygen
3. Surface Area
   1. inc. surface area
   2. inc. rate
   3. reaction only where particles collide
4. Concentration
   1. inc concentration
   2. inc. rate
   3. NB same end point
5. Equilibrium
   1. not rates but no where else to go
   2. C (s) + O2 (g) ---> CO2 (g)
      1. CO2 can not be changed back
      2. can not be reversed
   3. reversable
      1. copper (II) sulphate crystals
         1. CuSO4.5H2O (s) <--> CuSO4 (s) + 5H2O
         2. copper(II) sulphate crystals <---> anhydrous copper (II) sulphate + water
         3. heat
            1. water lost
            2. white
         4. add water
            1. blue
      2. ethene / ethanol
         1. ethene + water <--heat & catalyst--> ethanol
         2. C2H4(g) + H2O (g) <--heat & catalyst --> C2H5OH (g)
         3. equilibrium
            1. dynamic equilibrium
            2. moving equilibrium
            3. rate of formation = rate of decomposition
   4. rate of formation = rate of decomposition
   5. dynamic equilibrium
      1. moving equilibrium
   6. changing equilibrium position
      1. increase yield in industrial chemistry
      2. A (g) + 2B (g) <--> 2C (g) deltaH = +
      3. concentration
         1. Add A and B
         2. Remove C
      4. pressure
         1. increase
         2. 3 molecules on left only 2 on right
      5. temperature
         1. increase
         2. reaction endothermic
      6. catalyst
         1. NO!!!
         2. increases rate
         3. not affect position of equilibrium