1. Common seizure-causing medication
   1. Antibiotic
      1. amphotericin B (Amphotec)
      2. ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
      3. levofloxacin (Levaquin)
      4. metronidazole (Flagyl)
   2. Antihistamine
      1. diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
         1. In withdrawal
      2. hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril)
         1. In withdrawal
   3. Attention Deficit Disorder
      1. dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
      2. methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
   4. Immune
      1. cyclosporine (Gengraf, Sandimmune)
      2. tacrolimus (Prograf)
   5. Multiple sclerosis
      1. baclofen (Liorisal)
         1. In withdrawal
   6. Pain
      1. tramadol (Ultram)
   7. Psychiatric
      1. alprazolam (Xanax)
         1. In withdrawal
      2. bupropion (Wellbutrin)
         1. > 300 mg
      3. chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
      4. clonazepam (Klonopin)
         1. In withdrawal
      5. clozapine (Clozaril, Fazaclo)
      6. diazepam (Valium)
         1. In withdrawal
      7. haloperidol (Haldol)
      8. lithium (Lithobid)
      9. lorazepam (Ativan)
         1. In withdrawal
   8. Recreational
      1. alcohol
         1. In withdrawal
      2. amphetamines (Dexedrine, Adderal)
      3. cocaine
   9. Respiratory
      1. aminophylline (Truphylline)
      2. theophylline (Uniphyl)
   10. Seizures
       1. mephobarbital (Mebaral)
          1. In withdrawal
       2. phenobarbital (Luminal)
          1. In withdrawal
       3. primidone (Mysoline)
          1. In withdrawal
   11. Weight Loss
       1. phenylpropanolamine(Dexatrim)
          1. banned
2. brain activity during the seizure
   1. Generalization
      1. Cerebral blood flow increases in the temporal lobe
         1. most consistent increase
            1. basal ganglia
            2. superior medial cerebellum
            3. thalamus
   2. Postictally
      1. Cerebral blood flow decreases
         1. cingulate gyrus
         2. fronto-parietal association cortex
      2. Cerebral blood flow increase
         1. precuneus
         2. cerebellum
         3. basal ganglia
         4. midbrain
         5. bilateral lateral cerebellar hemispheres
3. how it manifest
   1. The arms and usually the legs begin to jerk rapidly and rhythmically
   2. The jerking slows and stops
   3. Bladder or bowel control sometimes is lost as the body relaxes
   4. Consciousness returns slowly
   5. The person may be drowsy, confused, agitated, or depressed
4. what to do when a seizure occurs
   1. Pay attention to the length of the seizures
   2. Keep on lookers away
   3. Be sensitive and supportive, and ask others to do the same
   4. Lay the child on one side. Loosen any tight clothing around the neck and put a pillow or something soft under the head
   5. Move things out of the way to prevent injuries
   6. Stay calm; most seizures last a few minutes or less
5. Risk factors for seizures
   1. cerebral palsy
   2. intellectual development disabilities
   3. serious brain injury
   4. lack of oxygen to the brain
   5. brain tumors
   6. bleeding into the brain
   7. fever-related seizures that are unusually long
6. Medication used to treat the seizure
   1. commonly used anti-epilepsy drugs
      1. Valproate (Depakene, valproic acid)
         1. most widely prescribed anti-epileptic drug worldwide
      2. divalproex sodium (Depakote)
      3. Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Equetro, Carbatrol)
         1. also relieves depression
         2. improves alertness
      4. Phenytoin (Dilantin)
      5. Phenobarbital (Luminal)
         1. also called phenobaritone
         2. often the initial drug prescribed for newborns and young children
         3. converted in the body to phenobarbital
      6. Primidone (Mysoline)
         1. converted in the body to phenobarbital
         2. not as well-tolerated as phenobarbital
         3. most widely prescribed anti-epileptic drug worldwide
         4. first choice for patients with generalized seizures
         5. used to prevent nearly all other major seizures
         6. approved as add-on therapy
      7. Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
         1. approved as add-on therapy
         2. Birth control pills lower blood levels
      8. Topiramate (Topamax, generic)
         1. similar to phenytoin and carbamazepine
         2. effective and safe for a wide variety of seizures in adults and children
      9. Oxcarbazepine (Trieptal,generic)
         1. similar to phenytoin and carbamazepine
      10. Zonisamide (Zonegran)
          1. Blocks sodium and calcium channels
          2. may have nerve-protecting properties
      11. Levetiracetam (keppra)
          1. Known as a nootropic drug
      12. Tiagabine
          1. similar to phenytoin and carbamazepine
   2. less common anti-epilepsy drugs
      1. Felbatol (Felbatol)
      2. Vigabatrin (Sabril)
   3. medications used are medium chain triglycerides and MCT oil.