1. Expectancy x Value
   1. Task difficulty
      1. task value
         1. intrinsic interest
         2. importance of task
         3. utility value
         4. cost
   2. Self-schemas
      1. self-image
      2. perceived ability
2. Self-Efficacy
   1. Past performance
   2. Physiological factors
   3. Verbal persuasion
   4. Emotional states
3. Goals and Goal Orientation
   1. Learning goals
      1. task mastery
      2. accept challenges
   2. Performance goals
      1. performance-approach
         1. positive judgment
      2. performance-avoidance
         1. negative judgment
   3. Social goals
      1. positive
      2. negative
4. Attribution
   1. Perceived causes for success and failure
      1. locus
      2. stability
      3. control
5. Self-Determination
   1. Psychological needs
      1. competence
      2. autonomy
      3. relatedness