1. Complete veneer crowns
   1. 1. Complete metal crown
      1. INDICATIONS
         1. Small abutment tooth
         2. Long edentulous span
         3. Endodontically treated teeth
         4. Extensively decayed abutment
      2. CONTRAINDICATIONS
         1. In patients with uncontrolled caries
         2. Aesthetic zone
         3. Where more conservative retainers are required
      3. Tooth Preparation
         1. 1. Occlusal reduction ▪︎Preparation of depth guide wells ▪︎Depth guide grooves are prepared joining the wells ▪︎Placement of functional cusp bevel ▪︎Occlusal reduction: 1.5mm for functional cusps & 1mm for non functional cusps
         2. 2. Axial reduction
         3. 3. Establishing Chamfer finish line
         4. 4. Seating groove is made on buccal surface of mandibular teeth & on palatal surface of maxillary teeth
   2. 2. Complete porcelain crown/ Porcelain jacket / All ceramic crown
      1. INDICATIONS
         1. Fractured incisal edges
         2. Hypoplastic, discolored & malformed teeth
         3. Facial or proximal caries which cannot be restored by composite
      2. CONTRAINDICATIONS
         1. Young patients
         2. Short clinical crown
         3. Excess overbite, least overjet
         4. High DMF rate
      3. Tooth Preparation
         1. 1. Incisal - 2mm ▪︎Done by placing depth orientation grooves ▪︎Incisal edge is not straight but inclined at 17° from facial to lingual surface. This bevel is imp. for stress distribution
         2. 2. Labial surface - 1.2-1.4mm ▪︎By placing depth orientation grooves ▪︎ It's reduced in 2 planes : Incisal & gingival
         3. 3. Lingual surface ▪︎Also reduced in 2 planes : Cingulum & Concave portions
         4. Finish line - Shoulder finish line
   3. 3. Metal ceramic crown
      1. INDICATIONS
         1. Patients with reduced interocclusal clearance
         2. Peg shaped laterals
         3. Single & multiple restorations for both anterior & posterior teeth
      2. DISADVANTAGES
         1. Can't be used in younger patients
         2. Excessive facial reduction may lead to pulp involvement
         3. Poor colour matching
      3. Tooth Preparation
         1. 1. Incisal / occlusal - 1.5-2mm ▪︎Occlusal depth 1.5mm - if coverage is only metal ▪︎Occlusal depth 2mm - if metal to be veneered with ceramic
         2. 2. Facial - 1.5-2mm
         3. 3. Lingual surface ▪︎Similar to complete veneer & less than all ceramic
         4. 4. Proximal
         5. Finish lines ▪︎Labial - shoulder with bevel ▪︎Lingual - Chamfer
   4. 4. Complete gold crown with acrylic facing
   5. INDICATIONS
      1. Posterior teeth with non esthetic zone
      2. A retainer requiring maximum retention
      3. Short clinical crowns
   6. CONTRAINDICATIONS
      1. Teeth in esthetic zone
      2. Extensively restored teeth
   7. DISADVANTAGES
      1. Reduced strength due to absence of metal structure
      2. The need for shoulder finish line requires a lot of tooth reduction on proximal & lingual aspects
      3. Results in fracture if inadequate tooth reduction. This is due to inherent porcelain brittleness
2. Partial veneer crowns
   1. 1. Three quarter crown
      1. Advantages
         1. Conservative of tooth reduction
         2. Esthetics
         3. Electric Pulp testing can be done
         4. Ensures complete seating as it is open faced & therefore permits easy escapement of cement
      2. Disadvantages
         1. Poor retention & resistance when compared to CVC
         2. Skillfull preparation is critical to avoid metal display
         3. May cause discolouration of anterior teeth particularly when teeth are thin labiolingually
         4. PVC is limited to fairly intact teeth with normally shaped, average length clinical crowns
      3. Retention grooves
         1. For anterior 3/4th crown they are parallel to incisal one half to 2/3rds of the facial surface
         2. For posterior teeth, they are parallel to long axis of tooth They are placed in buccal half with buccal to lingual divergence
   2. 2. Reverse three quarter crown
      1. Indications: used on mandibular molars with severe lingual inclination preventing large destruction of tooth structure that would cover if Complete veneer crown were used
   3. 3. Seven eights crown
      1. Indications: used on maxillary premolars & molars to serve as an abutment for fpd
   4. 4. One half crown
      1. Indications: used on tilted mandibular fpd abutment
   5. INDICATIONS
      1. Intact or minimally restored teeth
      2. Teeth with normal anatomic crown form i.e without excessive cervical constriction
      3. Teeth with adequate crown length
   6. CONTRAINDICATIONS
      1. High caries rate
      2. Short teeth
      3. Bell shaped teeth
      4. Teeth with insufficient buccolingual width
      5. Excessively restored teeth
   7. Key points
      1. For maximum retention
         1. Crown preparation with long, parallel Axial walls & grooves
      2. Decreased retention
         1. ▪︎By increasing the taper ▪︎A short overtapered preparation decreases retention because restoration can be removed along infinite number of paths
3. Types of Gold alloys used in FPD
   1. Gold alloys
      1. Type I (Soft)
      2. Type II (Medium)
      3. Type III (Hard)
      4. Type IV (Extra hard)
   2. Indications
      1. Not used for making FPD
      2. Three quarter crowns, pontics & full crowns
      3. Full crowns, short span FPDs, pontics & retainers
      4. Long span FPD