1. Definition
   1. A systematic process that ...
      1. promotes deep learning
      2. considers the way learners think and learn
      3. is research-based
      4. considers communicative technology for learning
      5. solves problems
      6. Knowledge learned and currently being built on from 14/09/2020 to present
2. Theories
   1. Learning Theories
      1. Behaviourism
         1. Learning from associations
            1. Learning is separate from the learner
            2. Learner is seen as a blank slate
            3. Automation and frequency of response
            4. Stimuli and response
            5. Low-level skills
            6. Drill and practice
         2. Learning from the environment
            1. positive reinforcement eg paise
            2. negative reinforcement
            3. extinction
            4. Learner actively responds to stimuli
         3. Also known as classical conditioning
         4. Also known as operant conditioning
      2. Cognitivism
         1. Rationalism
         2. Learning that comes from the mind
         3. Considers learners' thoughts, beliefs and attitudes
         4. declarative and procedural knowledge
         5. Long term and short term memory
            1. storage and retrieval process
         6. Forgetting curve
         7. Metacognition
            1. Learner develops an introspective awareness of his or her learning process
      3. Constructivism
         1. Social learning
         2. Teacher facilitates
         3. Self-leaad
         4. Activates prior and bacground knowledge
         5. Builds on newer concepts
         6. Learner-centred
      4. I had previous knowledge on behaviourism and the famous "Pavlov and the Dog" example. New knowledge of Operant Conditioning learned on 19/09/2020 from readings from Driscoll, 2014
      5. Previously, I valued constructivism over the other learning theories; however, I have gained insight on 14/09/2020 to present, as to how each learning theory contributes to Instructional Design
   2. Instructional Design Theory
      1. Instructional event design theory
      2. Instructional-analysis design theory
      3. Instructional-planning design theory
      4. Instructional-building design theory
      5. Instructional-implementation design theory
      6. Instructional evaluation design theory
   3. Design Theory
      1. A borrowed theory from other instructional- related fields
      2. It is goal-oriented
      3. Predictable results and or outcomes
   4. New knowledge learned and currently being built on from 21/09/2020 to present from Reigeluth et al., 2009.
   5. The distinction between instructional design theory and design theory was made clear to me on 27/09/2020 from readings presented from Reigeluth et al., 2009.
3. Models
   1. Addie Model
   2. Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction Model
   3. Principles
      1. Merrill's First Principles of Instruction
4. Rationale
   1. It considers three critical points of instruction
      1. Examination Phase
      2. Creation phase
      3. Evaluation phase
   2. It is learner-centred
      1. It seeks to create and develop an efficient instructional process and product that is suitable and caters to learners' needs
      2. It focuses on transferring knowledge so 21st century skills and how competencies, skills and knowledge can be learned and applied
5. Instructional Technology
   1. Teacher-aided technology
   2. Student-aided technology
   3. Teacher-aided: Aids facilitators to deliver instruction. For example, powerpoint presentations. Student aided: Fosters collaboration and focuses on developing learners' 21st century skills. For example: digital and communication skills. Tools include websites like blogs, wikis, Kahoot etc. Some prior knowledge used; however, some readings were from Bates, 2015
6. Linkage made here on 24/09/2020
7. Distance Learning
   1. Asynchronous learning and teaching
   2. Community of Inquiry for Learners
   3. Online Collaborative Learning
   4. Using software: Learning Management System eg. Google Classroom
   5. To deliver effective distance instruction, instructional designers should adhere to Instructional Design Theory Linkage made on 27/09/2020 from readings from Bates, 2015
8. Knowledge learned on 26/09/2020 from Brown and Green, 2016
9. Knowledge learned on 22-09-2020 from Reigeluth and Carr-Chellman, 2009