1. Conditions-Based Theory & ID
   1. Key Principles
      1. There are different types of learning outcomes, and each type of learning calls for different types of instruction
      2. Instructional sequencing relies upon relationships among the various learning outcomes.
      3. Instructional strategies should facilitate the internal processes of learning
   2. Philosophical Emphases
      1. Conditions-based theory is based upon an empiricist philosophy with many pragmatic applications.
      2. There are common beliefs and values supporting the theory that may not be empirically derived.
      3. There is an emphasis on:
         1. goal-directed instruction
         2. efficiency
         3. effectiveness
         4. process generalization
   3. Basic Research Support
      1. Gagne's research on cululative learning
      2. research on prerequisite content relationships
   4. Early Contributors
      1. Benjamin Bloom
      2. Robert Gagne
      3. M. David Merrill
   5. ID Applications:
      1. Domains of Learning
      2. Learning Hierarchies
      3. Events of Instruction
      4. Performance-Content Matrix
      5. Generative & Supplantive Strategies
      6. Complex Learning
      7. Problem Solving
      8. Motivational Design
   6. Supporting ID Research: Studies of:
      1. Learning hierarchies
         1. Gagne & colleagues
      2. Instructional events
         1. Hannafin & colleagues
         2. Klein & colleagues
      3. Generative strategies
         1. Wittrock
      4. Designing for complex learning
         1. van Merrienboer & colleagues
      5. Expertise & problem solving in science & engineering
      6. Story Problems
         1. Jonassen & colleagues
      7. Motivational design
         1. Keller & colleagues
   7. Related Concepts:
      1. Cumulative Learning Theory
      2. Component Display Theory
      3. Instructional Transaction Theory
      4. Elaboration Theory
      5. Enterprise Scenario
      6. Generative Learning
      7. Problem-Based Learning
      8. 4C/ID
      9. ARCS Motivation
2. ID Domains & Elements Related to Conditions-Based Theory
   1. Learner & Learning Processes
      1. All learning is not the same
      2. Internal conditions of learning
      3. Learner characteristics
         1. affective such as motivation
         2. background
         3. learning strategies
         4. mental models
         5. prerequisite knowledge
         6. schema
   2. Learning & Performance Contexts
      1. Authentic and simulated settings for complex learning and problem solving
   3. Content Structure & Sequence
      1. Learning Task Classifications
         1. cognitive
         2. affective
         3. psychomotor
      2. Instructional Sequences
         1. simple to complex
      3. Vertical and horizontal relationships among recurring and non-recurring component skills for complex learning
      4. Problem solving includes:
         1. structural knowledge
         2. metacognitive skills
         3. motivation components
   4. Instructional and Noninstructional Strategies
      1. External instruction conditions should match the internal learning conditions
      2. Events of instruction
         1. e.g., provide learning guidance
      3. Adapt strategies to type of learning task
      4. Primary presentation forms
         1. generality or instance
         2. expository or inquisitory
      5. Secondary presentation forms
         1. e.g., mnemonic aids
      6. Generative strategies allow learners to construct their own meaning
      7. Supplantive strategies provide direct instructional support
      8. Part- versus whole-task practice
      9. Strategies for motivation
   5. Media & Delivery Systems
      1. Use computer-based instruction to facilitate complex interactions between the learner and the instruction
      2. Use simulations for problem-solving outcomes
   6. Designers and Design Processes
      1. Analysis
         1. theoretical analysis of concepts
         2. determine prerequisite relationships
      2. Design
         1. events of instruction
         2. primary and secondary presentation forms
         3. supportive and procedural information
         4. integrative goals
         5. part- and whole- task sequencing
         6. motivational design
      3. Design Tools
         1. learning hierachies
         2. ID Expert