1. Networks and network structure
   1. social network analysis
      1. centrality
         1. Degree
            1. high number of direct connections
            2. hub
         2. Betweenness
            1. connections between constituencies
            2. brokers
            3. boundary spanner
         3. Closeness
            1. shortest paths to others
            2. monitor information flow
      2. evolutionary view
         1. David Ronfeldt
         2. post-industrial
         3. web-like
         4. social equity
         5. justice
         6. civil society
         7. collective goods
         8. information overload
         9. deception
         10. technology - internet
         11. body analogy - sensory system
   2. network configurations
      1. random networks
         1. binomial or Poisson degree distributions
      2. scale-free networks (Barabási)
         1. "scale-free" = same characteristics at any scale
            1. self-similarity
            2. e.g. Cantor set
            3. finite properties
            4. infinite properties
            5. e.g. fractals
         2. Barabási's properties
            1. they grow and must keep growing
            2. preferential attachment
            3. stochastic urn process
            4. hubs preferred for new attachments
            5. e.g. growth of airport network
         3. obey a power law
            1. e.g. 6 degrees
            2. e.g. small world
            3. Erdős–Bacon number
         4. signals travel faster in scale-free networks
            1. viruses in society
            2. computer viruses
            3. great ideas
         5. feature of many (but not all) real networks
            1. internet
            2. cells
            3. society
            4. neural level map of connections possibly but ...
            5. data (the connectome) lacking
            6. generative models lacking
         6. helps describe complexity
   3. network properties
      1. structure
         1. connections
         2. nodes / entities
      2. signals
         1. flow / volume
         2. speed
         3. human dynamics
            1. time in complex systems
            2. Barabási
      3. plasticity
   4. Downes' design principles
      1. decentralise
         1. centralised
            1. star shape
            2. broadcast network
         2. de-centralised
            1. mesh
            2. balanced / stable
      2. distribute
         1. different physical locations
         2. emphasis on 'sharing' not 'copying'
      3. disintermediate
         1. mediation is a barrier
         2. where possible provide direct access
      4. disaggregate
         1. content should be small
         2. do not bundle
         3. allows integration
         4. e.g. learning objects
      5. dis-integrate
         1. open standards
         2. platform / tool independence
      6. democratize
         1. control is impossible
         2. diversity is an asset
         3. entities are autonomous
      7. dynamize
         1. without change adaptation is not possible
         2. creation of connections is a core function
      8. desegregate
         1. learning not a specific domain
            1. part of living
            2. uses same tools as work / play
         2. network as infrastructure
            1. e.g. ubiquitous web
   5. network semantics
      1. how meaning is created
      2. how people use networks
      3. how networks create knowledge
      4. elements
         1. context
         2. salience
         3. emergence
         4. memory
         5. stability
         6. weighting
   6. connective knowledge
2. What connectivism is
   1. distinct from other learning theories
      1. behaviourism
         1. operant conditioning
            1. Skinner
         2. classical conditioning
            1. Pavlov
         3. other theorists
            1. Thorndike
            2. Watson
      2. humanist
         1. theorists
            1. Maslow
            2. Rogers
            3. Knowles
         2. self-actualisation
         3. teacher-as-facilitator
         4. Maslow's heirarchy of needs
         5. Kolb's experiential learning
            1. experiential learning cycle
            2. concrete experience
            3. observation and reflection
            4. forming abstract concepts
            5. testing in new situations
         6. Dewey's experiential education
            1. 'hands on teaching'
            2. problem-based learning
      3. constructivism
         1. discussion and interaction
            1. Social constructivism
            2. Vygotsky
            3. zone of proximal development
            4. language
         2. cognitivist
            1. Piaget
            2. stages of development
            3. sensory-motor
            4. pre-operational
            5. concrete operational
            6. formal operational
         3. "Knowledge constructed by learners as they attempt to make sense of experiences" Driscoll
      4. constructionism
         1. theorists
            1. Seymour Papert
            2. co-founded MIT AI lab
         2. creative experimentation
      5. connectionism
         1. learning neural networks
         2. not symbol processing
      6. social learning theories
         1. communities of practice
            1. Lave & Wenger
         2. Bandura
            1. cognitivism features as well
            2. learn by observing others
      7. cognitivism
         1. information processing
         2. metacognition
         3. theorists
            1. Piaget
            2. Bruner
            3. Ausubel
            4. Gagne
            5. Vygotsky
         4. thought process
         5. knowledge is organised
         6. motivation
            1. attribution
            2. to what do I attribute my learning?
            3. learned helplessness
            4. outcomes are outside my actions
            5. I don't have the skills
            6. Weiner
            7. ARCS
            8. described by John Keller
            9. components
            10. Attention
            11. Relevance
            12. Confidence
            13. Satisfaction
      8. activity theory
         1. Marx, Popper, Vygotsky, Engestrom
      9. actor-network theory (ANT)
         1. actors
            1. material
            2. semiotic
         2. theorists
            1. Latour
            2. Callon
            3. Law
         3. agency
            1. without pre-supposing intentionality
            2. agency is of heterogeneous associations of humans and nonhumans
      10. distributed cognition (D-cog)
          1. Hutchings
      11. Biological views of learning
   2. principles
      1. learning is process of connecting entities
      2. nurturing connections is needed
      3. ability to see connections is a core skill
      4. capacity to know is more important than what is currently known
      5. decision making itself is a learning process
   3. practice
      1. publishing
         1. weblogs
         2. Content Management Systems (CMS)
         3. audio
         4. visual media
      2. manipulate
         1. aggregate
            1. e.g. RSS aggregation
         2. sequence
         3. syndicate
      3. identity
      4. synchronous
         1. chatting
         2. telephone
         3. conferencing
      5. collaboration
   4. taxonomy
      1. Awareness and receptivity
      2. Connection-forming
      3. Contribution and involvement
      4. Pattern recognition
      5. Meaning-making
      6. Praxis
   5. Why have a learning theory?
      1. explain & predict
      2. advance a discipline
      3. prepare for future needs
   6. knowledge
      1. levels
         1. neuronal
         2. conceptual
         3. social
      2. epistemology
         1. nature of knowledge
            1. in connectivism it is not propositional
            2. constellation of connections
   7. pedagogy "network pragmatics"
      1. using networks to support learning
      2. distributed knowledge
3. Evaluation
   1. strengths
      1. describes what is observed
         1. face validity
         2. use of social media
         3. captures diversity of learning
      2. contemporary
         1. describes current tools
         2. active (but small) current debate e.g. CCK08 / CCK09
   2. weaknesses
      1. reliance on open resources
      2. decision-making poorly explained
         1. metaphors used widely as argument
         2. few concrete examples of connectivist decision-making
      3. engagement / motivation assumed
      4. not widely known or discussed
         1. has perhaps not attracted critical attention
      5. assumptions about network properties
         1. not all networks obey the same complexity rules
         2. very little is known about the brain's neural network
            1. there is no connectome
            2. can't reliably extrapolate from brain to social network or vice versa
      6. information overload
4. Connectives and Collectives
   1. Groups and networks
      1. sameness
         1. unity (groups)
            1. people united
            2. mass media (group technology)
            3. newspapers
            4. television
            5. group internet technology
            6. corporate email
            7. portal
         2. diversity (networks)
            1. to each his own
            2. personal media (network technology)
            3. telephone
            4. letters
            5. personal email
            6. network internet technology
            7. personal webpages
            8. blogs
      2. member qualities (groups) ... connections (network)
      3. elemental (group) ... ecosystem (network)
      4. togetherness
         1. group coordination
            1. leadership
            2. values
            3. vision
            4. standards
            5. technologies
            6. learning management systems
         2. network diversity
            1. autonomy
            2. independence
            3. interaction
            4. technologies
            5. e-portfolios
            6. personal learning environments
      5. openness
         1. group boundaries
            1. borders
            2. logins
            3. membership
            4. technologies
            5. enterprise computing
            6. federated search
            7. user IDs
            8. Copyright
         2. network openness
            1. free choice of communication
            2. technologies
            3. RSS
            4. APIs
            5. Creative Commons
      6. centralness
         1. group centredness
            1. authority
            2. flow of knowledge from centre
         2. network sharing
            1. little or no centre
            2. knowledge flows in many directions
      7. knowledge
         1. group
            1. transmitted
            2. simple
         2. network
            1. emergent
            2. complex
   2. similar but not connectivist models
      1. Wenger's "proto-communities"
         1. between 'community' and 'network'
            1. "amorphous, networked collections"
            2. people
            3. places
            4. artifacts
            5. early development of identity
            6. e.g. community around 'NPtech' tag
         2. lack properties of community of practice
            1. joint enterpise
            2. well defined domain
         3. has properties of network
            1. connectivity
            2. nodes
            3. links
      2. Ronfeldt's TIMN framework
         1. forms
            1. Tribes
            2. Institutions
            3. Markets
            4. Networks
         2. features
            1. purpose and effect
            2. motivation, strength and weakness
            3. structure
            4. ties and boundaries
            5. tech needs
            6. philospophy
         3. development of forms
            1. social evolution
            2. monoform
            3. coexistence
            4. quadriform
5. Complexity and chaos
   1. the reality of learning?
      1. non-linear learning
         1. Renata Phelps
   2. chaos
      1. sensitivity to initial conditions
      2. unintended / unpredictable outcomes
   3. complexity
      1. learning is irreducible to its parts
      2. dynamic interactions
      3. criticality of feedback
   4. emergence
      1. e.g.
         1. Conway's "life" algorithm
         2. fractals
6. Power and Authority
   1. Dutton's "Fifth Estate"
      1. democratic politics
      2. Governments online
         1. e.g. tax returns
      3. 'work'
         1. distributed networks
            1. e.g. wikipedia
         2. outside of a 'firm'
      4. education and research
         1. increased collaboration
         2. within and between institutions
   2. internet central to many societies
      1. centrality of the internet to everyday activity
      2. A place to go for information
      3. Trust of the internet
   3. changing balance?
      1. teacher vs. learner
      2. individual vs. group